Download File - Mr. Shanks` Class

Biochemistry and
Cellular Functions
T.A. Blakelock High School
Grade 12 University Preparation Biology
Student:______________________ Date:___________________
Teacher:______________________ Room:__________________
Period:_________
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Part A: BASIC CHEMISTRY REVIEW
Recall, atoms are composed of protons, electrons and neutrons. Electrons carry a negative charge and move around the
nucleus. The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons (which have no electrical charge)
*You may have to use your smart phone to fill in this chart*
Particle
Proton
Charge
Symbol
Mass
Location
Neutron
Electron
The mass number is equal to the number of neutrons plus the number of protons: since atoms are electrically neutral the
number of protons equals the number of electrons
Example:
A = Mass Number
E = Element’s Symbol
Z = Atomic Number (Number or Protons)
Element
Na
C
F
S
U
Ag
Number of Neutrons Number of Electrons Number of Protons Mass Number
11
6
16
146
60
9
16
23
12
19
92
47
Lewis Diagrams
A Lewis Diagram
Lewis diagrams show the symbol of the element and the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom. Atoms have up
to two electrons in the first orbit (shell), 8 in the second, 18 in the third.
Now, try Phosphorus (P) and Oxygen (O)
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Checking Your Chemistry Knowledge
I)
Select the answer that best completes each statement.
1. Potassium is an element that has one electron in its outermost energy level. Potassium will tend (a) not to
bond (b) to form ionic bonds (c)to form covalent bonds (d) to form double bonds
2. The chemical symbol for gold is (a) G (b)Go (c)Au (d) Ag
3. The reaction time for chemical reaction that is taking place in a beaker of solvent liquid will probably decrease
if (a)the liquid is agitated (b)the liquid is cooled (c)more liquid is added (d)all of the above
4. Which of the following is a molecule (a)H20 (b)Chlorine (c)OH- (d)both b and c
5. A polar molecule is (a) is a solute in water (b)will repel another polar molecule (c) will attract a nonpolar
molecule (d)is insoluble in water
6. Ions are (a) neutral particles (b) the smallest particles of an element (c)electrically charged atoms (d)the
smallest units of a compound
7. A substance made of two or more chemically bonded elements is (a) a compound (b) a molecule
(c) a solution (d) an ion
II)
Complete the following statements by writing the missing word or phrase in the line provided.
1. ___________________ are the smallest particles of an element that have the properties of the element.
2. Electrically negative atomic particles are called____________________.
3. There are ______________ oxygen, ____________ hydrogen and _________ carbon atoms in CH3CHOHCOOH
4. The medium in which a solute is dissolved is called the _________________.
5. The three states of matter are ___________________, ______________________, and ________________
6. When two atoms share two pairs of electrons, a _____________ ________________ is formed.
III)
Complete the chart of the characteristics of various atoms and molecules
Name
Atomic
Lewis
Information Diagram
Number of
electrons to
complete
the
outer shell
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Draw a Lewis Diagram of the structure of (a) table salt, and (b) water.
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Colour of
ball in
Molecular
Kit
How many
bonds can
the atom
form?
TYPES OF BONDS
IONIC BONDS
Ionic bonds form between metal and non-metal atoms, where one atom gives electron(s) and the other takes one/them,
respectively.
How many electrons does a sodium ion have?____________________
What is the charge on a sodium ion?___________________________
How many electrons does a chlorine ion have?___________________
What is the charge on a chlorine ion?___________________________
Why is the chlorine ion attracted to the sodium ion?__________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
COVALENT BONDS
Covalent bonds form between two non-metal atoms, where electrons are shared and travel between the two nuclei.
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How many atoms of hydrogen are in one water molecule? How many oxygen?____________________
How many electrons are shared in a water molecule?___________________________
What type of bond is this?___________________
What type of molecule is water?___________________________
Why do electrrons in this bond spend more time with oxygen atoms than hydrogen
atoms?_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
HYDROGEN BONDS
Hydrogen bonding occurs between polar molecules containing hydrogen. The slightly negatove atom in one molecule
(usually O or N) exerts a pull on a hydroogen atom in an adjacent molecule, creating a hydogen bond. The hydrogen bond is
easily broken but acts to hold molecules together.
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CHEMICAL REACTIONS
•
A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement of chemical bonds with the release or absorption of energy
The process of Respiration uses the oxygen we breathe and glucose (a carbohydrate in our diet), to produce energy plus
waste products of carbon dioxide and and water. The chemical reaction is as follows:
What are the Reactants?_________________________________________
What are the Products?__________________________________________
The process of Photosynthesis uses light energy, water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. The chemical
reaction is as follows:
How do the the chemical equations for respiration and photosynthesis compare?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
How many molecules of glucose would be produced from 24 molecules of carbon dioxide? ___________________________
Based on the chemical equations what have you learned about the relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Below is the equation for the combustion of Gasoline(Octane) and other chemicals. Balance the equations.
What will happen with these reactions if there isn’t enough oxygen?
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MACROMOLECULES
Organic
Size
Structure
Inorganic
Complex-often involves ___________
Simple-groups of _____________
atoms only
Or long _____________
Examples
What are functional groups?
Groups of atoms that work as a _______ and are often involved in _____________ between
molecules
Functional Group
Hydroxyl
Structural Formula
Example
Carboxyl
Amino
Part B: CARBOHYDRATES
Functions:
1) ________________ source (e.g. glucose)
2) ___________________ (e.g. cellulose)
3) Cell to cell identification and __________________________
Sources in your diet: _____________________ , _____________________ , __________________
Monomer [building block] of Carbohydrates:
Draw a molecule of Glucose.
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DETAILED
SCHEMATIC
Draw two glucose (schematic) beside each other and then bond them together.
Dissacharides: Two monosaccharides joined by ____________________________
An _________________ bond formed (water removed from 2 _____________ groups)
Examples of Dissacharides
Glucose + Glucose --> _______________________ + _________________________
Glucose + Fructose --> ________________________ + _________________________
Glucose + Glactose --> ________________________ + _________________________
Reactions
 _____________________________ removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
 _____________________________ adds a water molecule, breaking a bond
Polysaccharides
Molecule
Starch
Structure
Sources
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Glycogen
Cellulose
Part C: LIPIDS
Functions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
______________________ energy storage (triglycerides)
Make cell ___________________ (phospholipids)
Make ___________________ (steroids)
Make ______________________ coatings on plants and animals (wax)
Cushioning, protection, vitamin_______________
Sources in your diet: ___________________ , ____________________ , _____________________
Draw a Glycerol Molecule:
Draw a Fatty Acid Molecule:
Monomer [building block] of Lipids:
Draw this structure
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What functional groups join glycerol and a fatty acid together? _____________ & ______________
What bond is formed between the glycerol and the fatty acid? An ___________________ bond
How many water molecules when making a monoglyceride? ________________
Ever Heard the terms “trans fats” or Unsatturated Fatty Acids before?
Now you’ll know what they’re talking about!
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Molecule
Saturated Fatty Acid
Structure
Description
Unsaturated Trans-Fatty Acid
Unsaturated Cis-Fatty Acid
Triglyceride
Phospholipid
Steroid
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From a health point of view ___________________ fatty acids are associated with heart and
health problems. Also, ___________________ unsaturated fatty acids are also a problem for the
heart.
What are essential fatty acids?
Any fatty acids that___________________ can not make from ______________ fatty acids are
called essential fatty acids.
Why are essential fatty acids so important in the human diet?
Without these fatty acids, people may have ____________________ an in extreme cases,
________________________________.
Part D: PROTEIN
Functions:
1)
2)
3)
Sources: _____________, ___________, ________________ , __________________
What is the monomer [building block] of protein? ________________________
Draw this structure:
There are ________ amino acids. These amino acids all differ by their _____________.
An R group is a _______________________ and it affects____________________.
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Draw two amino acids side by side, and then attach them to make a “dipeptide”
What two functional groups form the bond between two amino acids?
______________________ and __________________________.
What type of bond forms between the two amino acids? A ________________ bond.
Dipeptide:____________ amino acids joined together.
Polypeptide:_________________________ amino acidsjoined together.
Complete the following table for the four levels of protein structure
Level
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Description of Structure
The ____________ of amino acids
The ____ dimensional____________ into
alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets
______________ dimensional bends and
kinks in secondary structure due to the
interactions between________________
______________________ polypeptide
chains join together to make a
___________ structure
______________________ occurs by breaking the _______________ (H, ionic,
disulphide bridges) that give the polypeptide its ___________________structure.
What causes denaturation? _______________________________,
_________________, or ____________________ concentration can change the 3-D
shape of a protein and render it __________________ .
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There are ________ amino acids, _______ of these cannot be made from the
remaining __________ . These ______ must be in our diet so they are called
________________ amino acids.
A _________________ protein is one that contains _______________ of the essentail
amino acids. A _________________ protein is one that contains _______________ of
the essential amino acids. Examples:
Part E: NUCLEIC ACIDS
Functions
1) DNA:__________________________________________________
2) RNA:__________________________________________________
3) ATP: __________________________________________________
Sources:____________________________
Explain:_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Monomer [building block] :___________________________
A Nucleotide is composed of:___________________, ___________________, and
____________________________________ .
In chart form, list the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA
Criteria
Shape
Bases
DNA
RNA
Sugar
Name
Used in the body for...
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ATP
Consists of _________________________________ , _________________________ ,
and a _____________________________________________________ .
Function: ______________________________________________________________
ATP
ADP
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I) The process of making ATP involves the following equation:
Since water is produced, what kind of reaction is it?____________________________
II) The process of releasing energy form ATP in volves the following equation:
Since water is consumed, what type of reaction is this? _________________________
ATP and ADP act like a rechargeable battery in the body, constantly picking up and
releasing energy to allow cellular functions to occur.
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