The Power Of Green - Arizona State University
... chain of electron carriers. In contrast, bacteria have only one type of reaction center. But some have reaction centers similar to photosystem i, while those found in others are more like photosystem ii. Photosystem ii splits water into oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Photosystem i creates the materials ...
... chain of electron carriers. In contrast, bacteria have only one type of reaction center. But some have reaction centers similar to photosystem i, while those found in others are more like photosystem ii. Photosystem ii splits water into oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Photosystem i creates the materials ...
Enzymes ppt
... have too high of an activation energy without a little help Catalyst: a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction Works by lowering the activation energy Cells make special proteins called enzymes to act as catalysts for chemical reactions One type of enzyme for each type of chemical reaction ...
... have too high of an activation energy without a little help Catalyst: a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction Works by lowering the activation energy Cells make special proteins called enzymes to act as catalysts for chemical reactions One type of enzyme for each type of chemical reaction ...
Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism Entry of Pyruvate into
... 4. This is the second oxidative decarboxylaion and 3rd irreversible step catalyzed by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The enzyme is a complex similar to PDH and the coenzymes TPP, lipoamide and FAD are required. CO2 is removed, NADH is formed from NAD+ and a thioester bond is formed with CoASH to for ...
... 4. This is the second oxidative decarboxylaion and 3rd irreversible step catalyzed by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The enzyme is a complex similar to PDH and the coenzymes TPP, lipoamide and FAD are required. CO2 is removed, NADH is formed from NAD+ and a thioester bond is formed with CoASH to for ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... • The Citric Acid Cycle allows organisms to extract electrons from pyruvate and other Acetyl-CoA precursors for transport to the mitochondria electron transport chain. • One NADH is made converting pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA. • Three NADH, one FADH2 & 1 GTP/ATP is made in the citric acid cycle. • The ci ...
... • The Citric Acid Cycle allows organisms to extract electrons from pyruvate and other Acetyl-CoA precursors for transport to the mitochondria electron transport chain. • One NADH is made converting pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA. • Three NADH, one FADH2 & 1 GTP/ATP is made in the citric acid cycle. • The ci ...
AP-Bio-exam-review-outline-may-2
... Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) starts with 2 acetyl CoA combines with 2 OAA, yield 4 CO2, 6NAD, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)with 2 spin, occurs in matrix of mitochondria o All 6CO2 (by-product, waste) – breathed out Oxidative Phosphorylation: ETC and Chemiosmosis So far- Total ...
... Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) starts with 2 acetyl CoA combines with 2 OAA, yield 4 CO2, 6NAD, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)with 2 spin, occurs in matrix of mitochondria o All 6CO2 (by-product, waste) – breathed out Oxidative Phosphorylation: ETC and Chemiosmosis So far- Total ...
chem final review
... C) They have properties similar to those of their C) There is no difference. constituent elements. 2) An important characteristic of an accepted D) They have variable compositions. scientific theory is that _____ . 12) One difference between a mixture and a A) it is agreed upon by all scientists. co ...
... C) They have properties similar to those of their C) There is no difference. constituent elements. 2) An important characteristic of an accepted D) They have variable compositions. scientific theory is that _____ . 12) One difference between a mixture and a A) it is agreed upon by all scientists. co ...
File
... 5. Glycolysis occurs at elevated rates in tumor cells Tumor cells have a higher requirement for glucose due to a lower efficiency in energy production from glycolysis. • Complete oxidation of CO2 in healthy cells under aerobic conditions yields ~30 ATP per glucose. • Anaerobic metabolism of glucose ...
... 5. Glycolysis occurs at elevated rates in tumor cells Tumor cells have a higher requirement for glucose due to a lower efficiency in energy production from glycolysis. • Complete oxidation of CO2 in healthy cells under aerobic conditions yields ~30 ATP per glucose. • Anaerobic metabolism of glucose ...
chapter 8 notes - 8.4 and 8.5 - APBio09-10
... 4. Catalysis – enzymes lower the Ea barrier 5. Enzymes cannot a. modify the overall change in energy of a reaction b. Make an endergonic reaction an exergonic one. 6. Enzymes DO a. Hasten reactions b. Make it possible for cells to have dynamic metabolisms c. Determine which process are going on in t ...
... 4. Catalysis – enzymes lower the Ea barrier 5. Enzymes cannot a. modify the overall change in energy of a reaction b. Make an endergonic reaction an exergonic one. 6. Enzymes DO a. Hasten reactions b. Make it possible for cells to have dynamic metabolisms c. Determine which process are going on in t ...
Bioenergetics of Exercise and Training
... • The oxidative (hydrogen removal) metabolism of blood glucose and muscle glycogen begins with glycolysis. If oxygen is present in sufficient quantities the end product of glycolysis, pyruvate, is not converted to lactic acid but is transported to the mitochondria, where it is taken up and enters th ...
... • The oxidative (hydrogen removal) metabolism of blood glucose and muscle glycogen begins with glycolysis. If oxygen is present in sufficient quantities the end product of glycolysis, pyruvate, is not converted to lactic acid but is transported to the mitochondria, where it is taken up and enters th ...
Immobilised Enzymes
... between the last two phosphate groups. • Addition of a phosphate group like this is called: Phosphorylation • ATP is rich in energy and stores this energy carrying it around in the cell i.e. Energy Carrier. ...
... between the last two phosphate groups. • Addition of a phosphate group like this is called: Phosphorylation • ATP is rich in energy and stores this energy carrying it around in the cell i.e. Energy Carrier. ...
File
... *both methods of transporting materials across the cellular membrane Active transport – requires energy to move materials across the cellular membrane from and area of low concentration to high concentration (against concentration gradient) Passive transport – does not require energy to move materia ...
... *both methods of transporting materials across the cellular membrane Active transport – requires energy to move materials across the cellular membrane from and area of low concentration to high concentration (against concentration gradient) Passive transport – does not require energy to move materia ...
Describe how cells are used in the production of
... (maximum of three) • Enzyme controlled reaction (only if not already awarded the mark) • Energy released (only if not already awarded the mark) • Pyruvic acid • Broken down to carbon dioxide and water • Oxygen required/aerobic • 36 ATP produced/total 38 ATP produced (per glucose molecule) ...
... (maximum of three) • Enzyme controlled reaction (only if not already awarded the mark) • Energy released (only if not already awarded the mark) • Pyruvic acid • Broken down to carbon dioxide and water • Oxygen required/aerobic • 36 ATP produced/total 38 ATP produced (per glucose molecule) ...
Cellular Respiration
... Electron Transport The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. ...
... Electron Transport The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. ...
Microbial Fuel Cells - OARDC
... Glucose (C6H12O6) is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid (CH3‐CO‐COOH or pyruvate), and two adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules ...
... Glucose (C6H12O6) is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid (CH3‐CO‐COOH or pyruvate), and two adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules ...
6 Section B Exercise and Sport Physiology (Option B3) 5 (a
... anaerobic glycolysis, 2 in Krebs cycle/34 in the electron transport chain no fatiguing by products are produced/carbon dioxide & water easily removed able to work for long periods of time fats can also be used / provide more energy fat can also be used as a fuel ...
... anaerobic glycolysis, 2 in Krebs cycle/34 in the electron transport chain no fatiguing by products are produced/carbon dioxide & water easily removed able to work for long periods of time fats can also be used / provide more energy fat can also be used as a fuel ...
L3 Membrane Structure Function Fa08
... • May be gated (open/close in response to electrical stimulus) ...
... • May be gated (open/close in response to electrical stimulus) ...
TOPIC B1: CELL LEVEL SYSTEMS B1.3 RESPIRATION
... By the end of this unit you should be able to: ...
... By the end of this unit you should be able to: ...
Chapter 6 notes
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • The citric acid cycle • is also called the Krebs cycle (after the GermanBritish researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), • completes the oxidation of o ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • The citric acid cycle • is also called the Krebs cycle (after the GermanBritish researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), • completes the oxidation of o ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI
... III. Complete the following: (5 x 1 = 5 marks) (11) Enzyme regulation by phosphorylation is known as ________ modification. (12) ________ is the number ber of moles of substrate converted to product per unit time. (13) ________ cloning is used to screen for microbial enzyme genes. (14) An enzyme sup ...
... III. Complete the following: (5 x 1 = 5 marks) (11) Enzyme regulation by phosphorylation is known as ________ modification. (12) ________ is the number ber of moles of substrate converted to product per unit time. (13) ________ cloning is used to screen for microbial enzyme genes. (14) An enzyme sup ...
Biochemistry - Fort Thomas Independent Schools
... Enzymes special proteins that are biological catalyst lock & key fit with enzyme & substrate substrate – is the substance that binds to enzyme substrate changes enzyme does not ...
... Enzymes special proteins that are biological catalyst lock & key fit with enzyme & substrate substrate – is the substance that binds to enzyme substrate changes enzyme does not ...
Lecture 7 Citric acid cycle
... Citric acid cycle, also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the Krebs cycle. The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules—amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. ...
... Citric acid cycle, also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the Krebs cycle. The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules—amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. ...
Zdroje volných radikál* ROS
... • Reaction with HO· radical • removal of deoxyribose H atom - interrupts chain • addition of HO· to bases hydroxy and oxo derivatives ...
... • Reaction with HO· radical • removal of deoxyribose H atom - interrupts chain • addition of HO· to bases hydroxy and oxo derivatives ...
humanbiolecture2
... •Molecules pass hydrogens through the electron transport chain into the outer compartment •Oxidative phosphorylation – hydrogens diffuse back into the matrix thru a protein that uses the energy from diffusion to make ATP as they go into the inner compartment - makes 34 ATP and water from the rest of ...
... •Molecules pass hydrogens through the electron transport chain into the outer compartment •Oxidative phosphorylation – hydrogens diffuse back into the matrix thru a protein that uses the energy from diffusion to make ATP as they go into the inner compartment - makes 34 ATP and water from the rest of ...
Bil 255 – CMB
... 1. oxidation of COOH end of free fatty acid 2. transport of fatty acyl-coA into mitoplasm 3. oxidation of 2 carbon fragments as AcoA ...
... 1. oxidation of COOH end of free fatty acid 2. transport of fatty acyl-coA into mitoplasm 3. oxidation of 2 carbon fragments as AcoA ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.