WHAT SHOULD I KNOW ABOUT RESPIRATION NAME ANSWERS
... Uses energy from NADH to change pyruvic acid into alcohol and releases CO2 ; NAD+ is regenerated; lactic acid fermentation – Takes place in cytoplasm without oxygen Uses energy from NADH to change pyruvic acid into lactic acid; NAD + is regenerated; Krebs cycle- Takes place in matrix of mitochondria ...
... Uses energy from NADH to change pyruvic acid into alcohol and releases CO2 ; NAD+ is regenerated; lactic acid fermentation – Takes place in cytoplasm without oxygen Uses energy from NADH to change pyruvic acid into lactic acid; NAD + is regenerated; Krebs cycle- Takes place in matrix of mitochondria ...
Lec 12: Fatty acid biosynthesis
... Fatty acid synthesis occurs through intermediates similar to those of fatty acid oxidation, but with differences in electron carriers, carboxyl group activation, stereochemistry, acyl‐carrier, and cellular location. • Electron carrier: NADPH instead of NADH and FADH2 • Carboxyl group activation: mal ...
... Fatty acid synthesis occurs through intermediates similar to those of fatty acid oxidation, but with differences in electron carriers, carboxyl group activation, stereochemistry, acyl‐carrier, and cellular location. • Electron carrier: NADPH instead of NADH and FADH2 • Carboxyl group activation: mal ...
Lipid Biosynthesis
... The majority of fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol of the liver. The fatty acids synthesized in the liver are used for triacylglycerol, phosphoglyceride, and sphingolipid synthesis. These products are bundled in VLDL’s and transported to the other tissues. Adipose tissue and the brain als ...
... The majority of fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol of the liver. The fatty acids synthesized in the liver are used for triacylglycerol, phosphoglyceride, and sphingolipid synthesis. These products are bundled in VLDL’s and transported to the other tissues. Adipose tissue and the brain als ...
Ch 6 LIPID METABOLISM - FORMATTED - NSDL
... Apoproteins are synthesized by the liver. Their proportion in lipoprotein complexes varies from 1% (in chylomicron) to 70% (in HDL). There are several types of apoproteins viz ApoA, -B, -C, -D and -E, which, in turn, have many sub-types. They are differentiated on the basis of their size, antigenic ...
... Apoproteins are synthesized by the liver. Their proportion in lipoprotein complexes varies from 1% (in chylomicron) to 70% (in HDL). There are several types of apoproteins viz ApoA, -B, -C, -D and -E, which, in turn, have many sub-types. They are differentiated on the basis of their size, antigenic ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation
... • Glucose metabolized to 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP • High [ATP] inhibits phosphofructokinase (PFK) • High [ADP] stimulates PFK • Pasteur Effect: Increase in the rate of carbohydrate breakdown that occurs when switched from aerobic to anaerobic conditions Fig. 16-3 ...
... • Glucose metabolized to 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP • High [ATP] inhibits phosphofructokinase (PFK) • High [ADP] stimulates PFK • Pasteur Effect: Increase in the rate of carbohydrate breakdown that occurs when switched from aerobic to anaerobic conditions Fig. 16-3 ...
INBORN ERRORS OF AMINO ACIDS METABOLISM
... Tyrosinemia is an extremely rare but treatable hereditary disorder. When the body cannot break down tyrosine, high levels build up in the blood and form a toxic substance (known as succinylacetone) in the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. This means that if tyrosinemia isn't treated, it m ...
... Tyrosinemia is an extremely rare but treatable hereditary disorder. When the body cannot break down tyrosine, high levels build up in the blood and form a toxic substance (known as succinylacetone) in the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. This means that if tyrosinemia isn't treated, it m ...
Lecture content: How do amino acids differ from carbohydrates and
... 1. How is the NH3-group separated from the carbon ”skeleton” of the amino acid? 2. How is ammonia converted to urea? 3. What happens with the carbon ”skeleton”? ...
... 1. How is the NH3-group separated from the carbon ”skeleton” of the amino acid? 2. How is ammonia converted to urea? 3. What happens with the carbon ”skeleton”? ...
GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels
... Glycolysis is a highly regulated process o Need to maintain constant levels of energy in cells o Regulation UP and DOWN depends on the cell’s need for ATP and NADH o Steps 2, 4-9 have ΔG°’ values close to zero, therefore are essentially operating at equilibrium - Can go in either direction - These s ...
... Glycolysis is a highly regulated process o Need to maintain constant levels of energy in cells o Regulation UP and DOWN depends on the cell’s need for ATP and NADH o Steps 2, 4-9 have ΔG°’ values close to zero, therefore are essentially operating at equilibrium - Can go in either direction - These s ...
PRACTICE SET 6 - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... Unsaturations at odd carbons require only an isomerase, bypassing the first FADH2 synthesizing oxidation step. Unsaturations at an even C require both the 2,4-dienoylCoA reductase and an isomerase. This consumes one NADPH. Total 120 + 14 + 27 = 161-2 for activation = 159 ATP ...
... Unsaturations at odd carbons require only an isomerase, bypassing the first FADH2 synthesizing oxidation step. Unsaturations at an even C require both the 2,4-dienoylCoA reductase and an isomerase. This consumes one NADPH. Total 120 + 14 + 27 = 161-2 for activation = 159 ATP ...
Acetyl CoA
... The ubiquity of many of the common fatty acids and the vital roles they play, puts them into the class of primary metabolites. It is only the more unusual or uncommon fatty acids that can be considered as true secondary metabolites. Dr. Solomon Derese ...
... The ubiquity of many of the common fatty acids and the vital roles they play, puts them into the class of primary metabolites. It is only the more unusual or uncommon fatty acids that can be considered as true secondary metabolites. Dr. Solomon Derese ...
Chapter 5 - csmithbio
... • The Harvard School of Public Health has issued a warning regarding the comsumption of margarines, snack foods and other foods containing hydrogenated oils (and their trans fats), in favor of butter. ...
... • The Harvard School of Public Health has issued a warning regarding the comsumption of margarines, snack foods and other foods containing hydrogenated oils (and their trans fats), in favor of butter. ...
Glycolysis
... *Values in this table from D. Voet & J. G. Voet (2004) Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, John ...
... *Values in this table from D. Voet & J. G. Voet (2004) Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, John ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 12.1 Glycolysis (Embden
... into the cycle is controlled by pyruvate dehydrogenase activity that is inhibited by ATP and NADH. Two other important regulatory steps in the cycle are controlled by isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases, whose activities are controlled by the levels of high-energy phosphates. FIGURE 12.3 R ...
... into the cycle is controlled by pyruvate dehydrogenase activity that is inhibited by ATP and NADH. Two other important regulatory steps in the cycle are controlled by isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases, whose activities are controlled by the levels of high-energy phosphates. FIGURE 12.3 R ...
Amino Acids and Simple Proteins
... Bone and teeth. Functions of calcium. Bone remodeling. Calcium homeostasis. Structure of nerve cells . Signal transmission in the CNS . Neurotransmitters and neurohormones. Resting potential and action Potential. Receptors for neurotransmitters. Energy metabolism of the brain. Organization of skelet ...
... Bone and teeth. Functions of calcium. Bone remodeling. Calcium homeostasis. Structure of nerve cells . Signal transmission in the CNS . Neurotransmitters and neurohormones. Resting potential and action Potential. Receptors for neurotransmitters. Energy metabolism of the brain. Organization of skelet ...
The Lactic Acid System
... Many think that lactic acid or lactate cause muscle stiffness and limit performance in running events. Neither is correct. Perhaps the most widely believed myth is that an accumulation of lactic acid or lactic acid crystals or lactate is the cause of the stiffness felt after a marathon or long run. ...
... Many think that lactic acid or lactate cause muscle stiffness and limit performance in running events. Neither is correct. Perhaps the most widely believed myth is that an accumulation of lactic acid or lactic acid crystals or lactate is the cause of the stiffness felt after a marathon or long run. ...
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... It is the second of three metabolic pathways that are involved in fuel molecule catabolism and ATP production, the other two being glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amino acids, and some of its reactions are th ...
... It is the second of three metabolic pathways that are involved in fuel molecule catabolism and ATP production, the other two being glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amino acids, and some of its reactions are th ...
Important metabolic pathways in poultry embryos prior to hatch
... 1990a). This condition does not occur in avian embryos because there are little carbohydrates present in the egg (Romanoff, 1967), so this paper will focus on βoxidation. Fatty acids, stored in egg yolk as triacylglycerol and phospholipids, can be used for energy and membrane synthesis throughout in ...
... 1990a). This condition does not occur in avian embryos because there are little carbohydrates present in the egg (Romanoff, 1967), so this paper will focus on βoxidation. Fatty acids, stored in egg yolk as triacylglycerol and phospholipids, can be used for energy and membrane synthesis throughout in ...
PowerPoint 演示文稿
... • Acetyl-CoA+3NAD＋ +FAD+GDP+Pi+2H2O→2CO2+3NADH+FADH2+G TP+2H＋+CoA • One Acetyl-CoA through the cycle produces two CO2, one ATP, four reduced coenzymes • Two H2Os are used as substrates • Absolutely depends on O2 ...
... • Acetyl-CoA+3NAD＋ +FAD+GDP+Pi+2H2O→2CO2+3NADH+FADH2+G TP+2H＋+CoA • One Acetyl-CoA through the cycle produces two CO2, one ATP, four reduced coenzymes • Two H2Os are used as substrates • Absolutely depends on O2 ...
06_Metabolism of lipid
... The entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle depends on the availability of oxaloacetate. The concentration of oxaloacetate is lowered if carbohydrate is unavailable (starvation) or improperly utilized (diabetes). Oxaloacetate is normally formed from pyruvate by pyruvate carboxylase (anaplerot ...
... The entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle depends on the availability of oxaloacetate. The concentration of oxaloacetate is lowered if carbohydrate is unavailable (starvation) or improperly utilized (diabetes). Oxaloacetate is normally formed from pyruvate by pyruvate carboxylase (anaplerot ...
Synergistic Inhibitory Effects of Hypoxia and Iron
... Hypoxia results in stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), transcription factors that control a wide range of physiologic processes. HIF-1 and -2 form heterodimeric DNA binding complexes composed of a- and b-subunits (3). HIF-1a and HIF-2a are highly structurally homologous; however, the ...
... Hypoxia results in stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), transcription factors that control a wide range of physiologic processes. HIF-1 and -2 form heterodimeric DNA binding complexes composed of a- and b-subunits (3). HIF-1a and HIF-2a are highly structurally homologous; however, the ...
CHAPTER 15 - GLYCOGEN METABOLISM AND
... Certain tissues, such as the brain and red blood cells, rely on glucose for fuel. Serum glucose levels must be maintained at about 5 mM. Serum glucose is maintained by dietary sources, glycogen breakdown, and synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors via gluconeogenesis (see Figure 1). Glucose is po ...
... Certain tissues, such as the brain and red blood cells, rely on glucose for fuel. Serum glucose levels must be maintained at about 5 mM. Serum glucose is maintained by dietary sources, glycogen breakdown, and synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors via gluconeogenesis (see Figure 1). Glucose is po ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.