handout extensive notes
... These include C-H’s which on hydrolysis yields a small No of saccharide units ie 2,3 or 4 sugar units. a ...
... These include C-H’s which on hydrolysis yields a small No of saccharide units ie 2,3 or 4 sugar units. a ...
Lipid Synthesis
... l. Insulin promotes while Epinephrine and Glucagon inhibit the enzyme. Insulin is one of those hormones that promotes metabolism – promotes protein, glucose, and F.A. metabolism m. Generally, the activity of enzyme is determined by the SUM of the bound activators and inhibitors at any given time. Th ...
... l. Insulin promotes while Epinephrine and Glucagon inhibit the enzyme. Insulin is one of those hormones that promotes metabolism – promotes protein, glucose, and F.A. metabolism m. Generally, the activity of enzyme is determined by the SUM of the bound activators and inhibitors at any given time. Th ...
Cellular Respiration
... Fats for E • Fats store 2X the E as carbs • Broken into two parts: glycerol and the fatty acids, which store most E • Glycerol converts to G3P (PGAL) • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation into 2-C fragments that enter Krebs as acetyl-CoA ...
... Fats for E • Fats store 2X the E as carbs • Broken into two parts: glycerol and the fatty acids, which store most E • Glycerol converts to G3P (PGAL) • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation into 2-C fragments that enter Krebs as acetyl-CoA ...
Chapter 15 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... Why GTP not ATP which is generated in mitochondria ? : There is a specific ATP transporting system out of mitochondria, which will keep the concentration of ATP inside the mitochondria low. Therefore, it is necessary to use another type of nucleotide to drive turn of TCA cycle in mitochondria.) Anot ...
... Why GTP not ATP which is generated in mitochondria ? : There is a specific ATP transporting system out of mitochondria, which will keep the concentration of ATP inside the mitochondria low. Therefore, it is necessary to use another type of nucleotide to drive turn of TCA cycle in mitochondria.) Anot ...
Cellular Respiration
... Fats for E • Fats store 2X the E as carbs • Broken into two parts: glycerol and the fatty acids, which store most E • Glycerol converts to G3P (PGAL) • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation into 2-C fragments that enter Krebs as acetyl-CoA ...
... Fats for E • Fats store 2X the E as carbs • Broken into two parts: glycerol and the fatty acids, which store most E • Glycerol converts to G3P (PGAL) • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation into 2-C fragments that enter Krebs as acetyl-CoA ...
Original
... E. 1 glucose can be broken down into 2 turns of Krebs cycle produce 4 CO2, 2 ATP, and H atoms to make 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 a. CO2 = waste product, diffused out of cell b. 1 glucose yields only 2 ATP (same as glycolysis) F. Bulk of energy released by oxidation of glucose still hasn’t been transferred to ...
... E. 1 glucose can be broken down into 2 turns of Krebs cycle produce 4 CO2, 2 ATP, and H atoms to make 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 a. CO2 = waste product, diffused out of cell b. 1 glucose yields only 2 ATP (same as glycolysis) F. Bulk of energy released by oxidation of glucose still hasn’t been transferred to ...
ATP Production
... Using the graph bellow, answer the following questions: 1. What is happening over time? 2. What process are taking place? When? 3. What does our body do to compensate for O2? ...
... Using the graph bellow, answer the following questions: 1. What is happening over time? 2. What process are taking place? When? 3. What does our body do to compensate for O2? ...
Lecture 12: Enzymes of Metabolism: An Introduction Reference
... i. High levels of acetyl CoA activate pyruvate carboxylase to convert pyruvate to OAA (cell signal) 5. Define in general terms the function of carnitine:palmitoyl transferase I and II and acetyl CoA carboxylase. Again, no real detail is needed since these pathways have not been covered. a. CPT I en ...
... i. High levels of acetyl CoA activate pyruvate carboxylase to convert pyruvate to OAA (cell signal) 5. Define in general terms the function of carnitine:palmitoyl transferase I and II and acetyl CoA carboxylase. Again, no real detail is needed since these pathways have not been covered. a. CPT I en ...
Overexpression of the malate–aspartate NADH
... secretion [2,3]. Mitochondria generate ATP which, in addition to cytoplasmic Ca2+ , is the main coupling messenger in insulin secretion. Mitochondria generate ...
... secretion [2,3]. Mitochondria generate ATP which, in addition to cytoplasmic Ca2+ , is the main coupling messenger in insulin secretion. Mitochondria generate ...
Handout: Fatty Acid Synthesis
... C16:0 to C18:n – C20:n Elongation occurs with enzymes on the cytosolic face of the ER membrane. This is done by elongases that use malonyl-CoA to add the 2-carbon ...
... C16:0 to C18:n – C20:n Elongation occurs with enzymes on the cytosolic face of the ER membrane. This is done by elongases that use malonyl-CoA to add the 2-carbon ...
Photo Album
... Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are present in high quantities in the endothelial cells in the cerebral microvasculature; the 55kDalton isoform of GLUT1 catalyzes the bidirectional, facilitative transport of glucose (Glc) across the blood–brain barrier, whereas GLUT1 (45kDa isoform) and GLUT3 transport ...
... Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are present in high quantities in the endothelial cells in the cerebral microvasculature; the 55kDalton isoform of GLUT1 catalyzes the bidirectional, facilitative transport of glucose (Glc) across the blood–brain barrier, whereas GLUT1 (45kDa isoform) and GLUT3 transport ...
Oxidation of Carbohydrate
... • Glycogen converted back to glucose when needed to make more ATP • Glycogen stores limited (2,500 kcal), must rely on dietary carbohydrate to replenish ...
... • Glycogen converted back to glucose when needed to make more ATP • Glycogen stores limited (2,500 kcal), must rely on dietary carbohydrate to replenish ...
Fall 2009 Chem 306 Exam II KEY
... 9. Which of the following statements about naturally occurring fatty acids is false? a. Nearly all of them contain an even number of carbon atoms. b. Animal lipids are rich in saturated fatty acids and plant lipids are rich in unsaturated fatty acids. c. The cis isomer predominates in unsaturated fa ...
... 9. Which of the following statements about naturally occurring fatty acids is false? a. Nearly all of them contain an even number of carbon atoms. b. Animal lipids are rich in saturated fatty acids and plant lipids are rich in unsaturated fatty acids. c. The cis isomer predominates in unsaturated fa ...
2010 Ruminant Carbohydrate Digestion
... » Inadequate amylase activity » Inadequate maltase » Intestinal pH » Rate of passage ...
... » Inadequate amylase activity » Inadequate maltase » Intestinal pH » Rate of passage ...
Requirements - Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis
... 5. Hormonal and allosteric regulation of glycolysis in the liver. 6. Energetics of aerobic and anaerobic glucose catabolism. Metabolic efficiency, participation of oxidative and substrate-level phosphorylation. 7. Molecular mechanism and metabolic rationale of Pasteur-effect. 8. Which non-carbohydr ...
... 5. Hormonal and allosteric regulation of glycolysis in the liver. 6. Energetics of aerobic and anaerobic glucose catabolism. Metabolic efficiency, participation of oxidative and substrate-level phosphorylation. 7. Molecular mechanism and metabolic rationale of Pasteur-effect. 8. Which non-carbohydr ...
Glycolysis & Fermentation
... 5 Steps in Krebs cycle Step 1 – produces citric acid Step 2 – releases CO2 Step 3 – releases CO2 Step 4 – conversion of 4-carbon compound Step 5 – 4-carbon compound converted back to oxaloacetic acid ...
... 5 Steps in Krebs cycle Step 1 – produces citric acid Step 2 – releases CO2 Step 3 – releases CO2 Step 4 – conversion of 4-carbon compound Step 5 – 4-carbon compound converted back to oxaloacetic acid ...
8.07 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis And Oxidation
... major difference being that the acyl groups are carried by CoA rather than ACP. Fatty acid breakdown is initiated by the action of the flavoenzyme acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACD), which oxidizes saturated acyl-CoAs to enoylCoAs. This reaction is followed by a hydration, catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase ...
... major difference being that the acyl groups are carried by CoA rather than ACP. Fatty acid breakdown is initiated by the action of the flavoenzyme acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACD), which oxidizes saturated acyl-CoAs to enoylCoAs. This reaction is followed by a hydration, catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase ...
Fundamentals: Bioenergetics and Enzyme Function
... entropy in the body, how can these reactions occur without violating the second law of bioenergetics? 3. Could cellular and life in general be supported without enzyme coupling? Explain. 4. Why are there only a few allosteric regulated enzymes in a pathway, and where are these enzymes typically loca ...
... entropy in the body, how can these reactions occur without violating the second law of bioenergetics? 3. Could cellular and life in general be supported without enzyme coupling? Explain. 4. Why are there only a few allosteric regulated enzymes in a pathway, and where are these enzymes typically loca ...
LABORATORY MANUAL ON BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
... abdominal cavity, endocrine and cardiovascular surgery and endogenous intoxication in oncological diseases. Since 1998, the Biochemistry unit has been headed by O. Ja. Sklyarov, who started his scientific and educational activities at the unit of normal physiology. In 1993, for his thesis, "Mechanis ...
... abdominal cavity, endocrine and cardiovascular surgery and endogenous intoxication in oncological diseases. Since 1998, the Biochemistry unit has been headed by O. Ja. Sklyarov, who started his scientific and educational activities at the unit of normal physiology. In 1993, for his thesis, "Mechanis ...
Inhibitors are structural analogs of true substrate
... Enzymes of tricarboxylic acids cycle oxidize acetylCoA and produce 3 molecules of reduced NAD and one molecule of reduced FAD. Where are localized these enzymes? ...
... Enzymes of tricarboxylic acids cycle oxidize acetylCoA and produce 3 molecules of reduced NAD and one molecule of reduced FAD. Where are localized these enzymes? ...
IM_chapter9
... Causes of Obesity In general, two schools of thought address the problem of obesity’s causes. One attributes it to inside-thebody causes (genetics, set-point theory, fat-cell theory); the other, to environmental factors (external cue theory). Eating behavior may be a response not only to hunger or ...
... Causes of Obesity In general, two schools of thought address the problem of obesity’s causes. One attributes it to inside-thebody causes (genetics, set-point theory, fat-cell theory); the other, to environmental factors (external cue theory). Eating behavior may be a response not only to hunger or ...
Chapter 6 – How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Standard 1.g
... across the inner membrane. The protons diffuse back across the membrane through ATP synthase releasing energy that is used to make ATP by 2. ATP can also be made by transferring phosphate groups from organic molecules to ADP. This process is called The Metabolic Pathway of Cellular Respiration Cellu ...
... across the inner membrane. The protons diffuse back across the membrane through ATP synthase releasing energy that is used to make ATP by 2. ATP can also be made by transferring phosphate groups from organic molecules to ADP. This process is called The Metabolic Pathway of Cellular Respiration Cellu ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.