Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... In addition to fueling the production of ATP (via glycolysis and the citric acid cycle), glucose is also a precursor of the ribose ( 核糖) and deoxyribose (去氧核糖) moieties of nucleotides (核苷 酸) and deoxynucleotides (去氧核苷酸) . The pentose phosphate pathway (戊糖磷酸途徑) is responsible for the synthesis of ri ...
... In addition to fueling the production of ATP (via glycolysis and the citric acid cycle), glucose is also a precursor of the ribose ( 核糖) and deoxyribose (去氧核糖) moieties of nucleotides (核苷 酸) and deoxynucleotides (去氧核苷酸) . The pentose phosphate pathway (戊糖磷酸途徑) is responsible for the synthesis of ri ...
Protein Metabolism
... About 80% of nitrogen in human is excreted as urea, small amounts of ammonia, A.As., urate, creatinine and other nitrogenous compounds. Normal adult plasma concentration: 3.3-6.6 mmol. The kidney produces some urea. ...
... About 80% of nitrogen in human is excreted as urea, small amounts of ammonia, A.As., urate, creatinine and other nitrogenous compounds. Normal adult plasma concentration: 3.3-6.6 mmol. The kidney produces some urea. ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
... ENTNER-DUDOROFF PATHWAY • The Entner-Doudoroff pathway yields one ATP and two NADPH molecules from one glucose molecule. • Uses 4 enzymes that are different from EMP 1 Glucose 2 pyruvate + 1 ATP + 1 NADH + 1 NADPH Bacteria: Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Agrobacterium, Enterococcus faecalis ...
... ENTNER-DUDOROFF PATHWAY • The Entner-Doudoroff pathway yields one ATP and two NADPH molecules from one glucose molecule. • Uses 4 enzymes that are different from EMP 1 Glucose 2 pyruvate + 1 ATP + 1 NADH + 1 NADPH Bacteria: Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Agrobacterium, Enterococcus faecalis ...
Gly - mustafaaltinisik.org.uk
... Fructose can enter glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glucose is a main metabolic fuel in most organisms. Other sugars convert to glycolytic intermediates. •Fructose metabolism is faster than glucose in blood. •Hexokinase can phosphorylate fructose: Fructose + ATP Fructose 6-P + ADP Km for fructose > ...
... Fructose can enter glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glucose is a main metabolic fuel in most organisms. Other sugars convert to glycolytic intermediates. •Fructose metabolism is faster than glucose in blood. •Hexokinase can phosphorylate fructose: Fructose + ATP Fructose 6-P + ADP Km for fructose > ...
Comparative Study of Serum lactic Acid, Lactate
... Atherosclerosis is a thickening and hardening of the artery walls caused by deposits of cholestrollipid-calcium p laque in the lining of the arteries [2]. Lactic acid is a by -product of an emergency mechanism that produces a small amount of ATP when oxygen delivery is severely limited. Pyruvate is ...
... Atherosclerosis is a thickening and hardening of the artery walls caused by deposits of cholestrollipid-calcium p laque in the lining of the arteries [2]. Lactic acid is a by -product of an emergency mechanism that produces a small amount of ATP when oxygen delivery is severely limited. Pyruvate is ...
pdf of article - ACG Publications
... homeostasis, which has a significant impact on health, life quality and life expectancy of patients, as well as on the health care system [11]. Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycaemia, which may result from a deficiency in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both [11]. Therefore, the main goal ...
... homeostasis, which has a significant impact on health, life quality and life expectancy of patients, as well as on the health care system [11]. Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycaemia, which may result from a deficiency in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both [11]. Therefore, the main goal ...
Chem 150 quiz #6
... 13. In yeast cells pyruvate is converted into __________. a. lactate b. acetyl-CoA c. ketones d. ADP ...
... 13. In yeast cells pyruvate is converted into __________. a. lactate b. acetyl-CoA c. ketones d. ADP ...
Chapter 8 THE ENERGY CONSUMING PROCESS OF RESPIRATION
... Virtually all forms of life depend on a molecule called (4) ______________ as their primary energy carrier. Plants produce adenosine triphosphate during (5) ______________, but plants and all other organisms can also produce ATP through chemical pathways that degrade (take apart) food molecules. The ...
... Virtually all forms of life depend on a molecule called (4) ______________ as their primary energy carrier. Plants produce adenosine triphosphate during (5) ______________, but plants and all other organisms can also produce ATP through chemical pathways that degrade (take apart) food molecules. The ...
Branched-chain amino acids improve glucose
... in skeletal muscle or liver. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that liver and skeletal muscle glycogen content is lower in cirrhotic patients than in healthy individuals (29). Under these conditions, even the control of blood glucose during hunger is difficult, with the characteristics of gluco ...
... in skeletal muscle or liver. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that liver and skeletal muscle glycogen content is lower in cirrhotic patients than in healthy individuals (29). Under these conditions, even the control of blood glucose during hunger is difficult, with the characteristics of gluco ...
Regulation of Exogenous and Endogenous Glucose Metabolism by
... Myocardial substrate use is tightly controlled not only by the availability of substrate and oxygen, but also by the workload imposed on the heart and the hormonal environment. While fatty acid oxidation is the major energy source for the heart under normal conditions in vivo, changes in the above f ...
... Myocardial substrate use is tightly controlled not only by the availability of substrate and oxygen, but also by the workload imposed on the heart and the hormonal environment. While fatty acid oxidation is the major energy source for the heart under normal conditions in vivo, changes in the above f ...
Respiration - Ms. Killikelly's Science Classes
... ► Electrons are shuttled through like a baton from start to finish ► As they move they become more stable as they get closer to the nuclei of the atoms they ...
... ► Electrons are shuttled through like a baton from start to finish ► As they move they become more stable as they get closer to the nuclei of the atoms they ...
BIOCHEMISTRY Electron Transport Chain
... • Down-regulated by low levels of ADP, Pi, O2 & NADH. • Up-regulated by high levels of ADP. • Uncoupling agents • Allows the ETC to take place but the energy that would usually be used for ATP synthesis is released as heat. • Thyroxine – thyroid hormone • Thermogenin – a protein found in brown adipo ...
... • Down-regulated by low levels of ADP, Pi, O2 & NADH. • Up-regulated by high levels of ADP. • Uncoupling agents • Allows the ETC to take place but the energy that would usually be used for ATP synthesis is released as heat. • Thyroxine – thyroid hormone • Thermogenin – a protein found in brown adipo ...
Clinical Chemistry Evaluations in Toxicity Studies
... the kidney has two functionally distinct parts: the glomerulus and the tubule system. The glomerulus acts as a semipermeable diffusion membrane while the tubule system acts on the glomerular ultrafiltrate to maintain water and solute homeostasis in the animal. Quantitative and qualitative serum and/ ...
... the kidney has two functionally distinct parts: the glomerulus and the tubule system. The glomerulus acts as a semipermeable diffusion membrane while the tubule system acts on the glomerular ultrafiltrate to maintain water and solute homeostasis in the animal. Quantitative and qualitative serum and/ ...
Clinical Chemistry Evaluations in Toxicity Studies
... the kidney has two functionally distinct parts: the glomerulus and the tubule system. The glomerulus acts as a semipermeable diffusion membrane while the tubule system acts on the glomerular ultrafiltrate to maintain water and solute homeostasis in the animal. Quantitative and qualitative serum and/ ...
... the kidney has two functionally distinct parts: the glomerulus and the tubule system. The glomerulus acts as a semipermeable diffusion membrane while the tubule system acts on the glomerular ultrafiltrate to maintain water and solute homeostasis in the animal. Quantitative and qualitative serum and/ ...
Lecture 14
... • Processing of alcohol happens before processing of fatty acids, so they build up in the liver (causing a fatty liver) ...
... • Processing of alcohol happens before processing of fatty acids, so they build up in the liver (causing a fatty liver) ...
New Insights into the Interaction of Carbohydrate and Fat
... and/or indirect (phosphorylation) regulation. During exercise at approximately 80 % VO2max in moderately active individuals, the majority of energy is derived from carbohydrate use and particularly from muscle glycogen during the first 20–30 min. Exercising at this high intensity in the presence of ...
... and/or indirect (phosphorylation) regulation. During exercise at approximately 80 % VO2max in moderately active individuals, the majority of energy is derived from carbohydrate use and particularly from muscle glycogen during the first 20–30 min. Exercising at this high intensity in the presence of ...
Disaccharides
... glucose by glycosidic linkage. • Lactose is hydrolyzed to these monosaccharides by in human beings and by in bacteria. Lactose is formed in the urine of pregnant women, and it gives a positive test with Cu2+ containing reagents since it is a reducing sugar ...
... glucose by glycosidic linkage. • Lactose is hydrolyzed to these monosaccharides by in human beings and by in bacteria. Lactose is formed in the urine of pregnant women, and it gives a positive test with Cu2+ containing reagents since it is a reducing sugar ...
Biosynthesis of Plant-derived flavor compounds
... Some of the volatile organic compounds in wine come from the grape's skin, or exocarp, while others come from the grape's flesh, or mesocarp. Organic acids give wine its tartness, and sugars give it sweetness. Terpenes provide floral or fruity flavors. Norisoprenoids impart a honeylike character. T ...
... Some of the volatile organic compounds in wine come from the grape's skin, or exocarp, while others come from the grape's flesh, or mesocarp. Organic acids give wine its tartness, and sugars give it sweetness. Terpenes provide floral or fruity flavors. Norisoprenoids impart a honeylike character. T ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.