Carbohydrates
... Step 4. Cleavage: In the presence of enzyme aldolase fructose 1-6- diphosphate splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) or glyceraldehydes-3phosphate (3 carbon atom compound). Step 5. Phosphorylation and oxidative dehydrogenation: Both the molecules of 3phosphoglyceraldehyde under ...
... Step 4. Cleavage: In the presence of enzyme aldolase fructose 1-6- diphosphate splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) or glyceraldehydes-3phosphate (3 carbon atom compound). Step 5. Phosphorylation and oxidative dehydrogenation: Both the molecules of 3phosphoglyceraldehyde under ...
- Circle of Docs
... ie. glucokinase and hexokinase when glucose enter a cell, it is trapped by addition of a phosphate glucokinase (found only in liver) and hexokinase (found in all other tissues) catalyze glucose-6P kinase at end of an enzyme – adds phosphate groups Vmax = maximum velocity at which the enzyme will wor ...
... ie. glucokinase and hexokinase when glucose enter a cell, it is trapped by addition of a phosphate glucokinase (found only in liver) and hexokinase (found in all other tissues) catalyze glucose-6P kinase at end of an enzyme – adds phosphate groups Vmax = maximum velocity at which the enzyme will wor ...
Lactic Acid
... The expression "lactic acid" is used most commonly by athletes to describe the intense pain felt during exhaustive exercise, especially in events like the 400 metres and 800 metres. When energy is required to perform exercise it is supplied from the breakdown of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). The bod ...
... The expression "lactic acid" is used most commonly by athletes to describe the intense pain felt during exhaustive exercise, especially in events like the 400 metres and 800 metres. When energy is required to perform exercise it is supplied from the breakdown of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). The bod ...
Essential amino acids
... An amino acid that arrives at a cell can be used is one of several ways ◦ Used to build part of a growing protein ◦ Altered to make another need compound ◦ Dismantled so as to use its amine group to build another amino acid Remainder can be used ...
... An amino acid that arrives at a cell can be used is one of several ways ◦ Used to build part of a growing protein ◦ Altered to make another need compound ◦ Dismantled so as to use its amine group to build another amino acid Remainder can be used ...
Hexose MonoPhosphate (HMP) shunt pathway
... pathway, and therefore acts as a connection route between different pathways. NADPH plays two critical roles in red blood cells, both of these roles are related to the oxygen-transport function of the red blood cell. The first role is related to glutathione: erythrocytes require NADPH to maintain t ...
... pathway, and therefore acts as a connection route between different pathways. NADPH plays two critical roles in red blood cells, both of these roles are related to the oxygen-transport function of the red blood cell. The first role is related to glutathione: erythrocytes require NADPH to maintain t ...
Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration
... a) consists of a series of enzymes on the inner mitochondrial membrane b) electrons are released from NADH and from FADH2 and as they are passed along the series of enzymes, they give up energy which is used to fuel a process called chemiosmosis, which drives the process of ATP synthesis using an en ...
... a) consists of a series of enzymes on the inner mitochondrial membrane b) electrons are released from NADH and from FADH2 and as they are passed along the series of enzymes, they give up energy which is used to fuel a process called chemiosmosis, which drives the process of ATP synthesis using an en ...
Stage 4 Digestion: Electron Transport Chain
... • 2NADH2 (K prep) • 2 x 3 NADH2 (K) • 2 x FADH2 (K) • 2 x 1 GTP (K) Total ATP ...
... • 2NADH2 (K prep) • 2 x 3 NADH2 (K) • 2 x FADH2 (K) • 2 x 1 GTP (K) Total ATP ...
No Slide Title
... Aminotransferase or transaminase Exception: proline, hydroxyproline, threonine, and lysine ...
... Aminotransferase or transaminase Exception: proline, hydroxyproline, threonine, and lysine ...
H - IS MU
... Polyol metabolism in diabetics • If the blood concentration of glucose is very high (e.g. in diabetes mellitus), large amount of glucose enter the cells • The polyol pathway produces glucitol. •It cannot pass efficiently through cytoplasmic membrane ...
... Polyol metabolism in diabetics • If the blood concentration of glucose is very high (e.g. in diabetes mellitus), large amount of glucose enter the cells • The polyol pathway produces glucitol. •It cannot pass efficiently through cytoplasmic membrane ...
Document
... – Ammonia: a breakdown product of protein that is normally converted into urea by the liver. Analysis of blood ammonia aids in the diagnosis of sever liver diseases and helps to monitor the course of these diseases. Increasing ammonia signals end-stage liver disease and a high risk of hepatic coma ...
... – Ammonia: a breakdown product of protein that is normally converted into urea by the liver. Analysis of blood ammonia aids in the diagnosis of sever liver diseases and helps to monitor the course of these diseases. Increasing ammonia signals end-stage liver disease and a high risk of hepatic coma ...
The Pharmacology Of Ginexin – F
... 6) Free O2 radicals interact with various amino acids containing unsaturated carbons e.g Tryptophan, histidine ….etc. and those containing S groups e.g Cysteine to result in protein damages (Denaturation). 7) The – . OH Radical but not other radicals interact with Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at the ...
... 6) Free O2 radicals interact with various amino acids containing unsaturated carbons e.g Tryptophan, histidine ….etc. and those containing S groups e.g Cysteine to result in protein damages (Denaturation). 7) The – . OH Radical but not other radicals interact with Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at the ...
a cells- secrete glucagon
... The mechanisms by which elevated glucose levels within the b cell cause depolarization is not clearly established, but seems to result from metabolism of glucose and other fuel molecules within the cell, perhaps sensed as an alteration of ATP:ADP ratio and transduced into alterations in membrane con ...
... The mechanisms by which elevated glucose levels within the b cell cause depolarization is not clearly established, but seems to result from metabolism of glucose and other fuel molecules within the cell, perhaps sensed as an alteration of ATP:ADP ratio and transduced into alterations in membrane con ...
Chapter 13
... Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TIM) Reversible and driven towards GAP due to product depletion ...
... Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TIM) Reversible and driven towards GAP due to product depletion ...
Note Set 11 1 GLYCOLYSIS (also known as: EMBDEN
... •the reducing equivalents of NADH generated in glycolysis are then used to reduce acetaldehyde to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase CH 3CHO + NADH + H+---->CH 3CH 2OH (EtOH, ethanol) + NAD+ 3. under aerobic conditions all eukaryotic cells and many bacteria oxidize NADH by a series of oxidation/reduct ...
... •the reducing equivalents of NADH generated in glycolysis are then used to reduce acetaldehyde to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase CH 3CHO + NADH + H+---->CH 3CH 2OH (EtOH, ethanol) + NAD+ 3. under aerobic conditions all eukaryotic cells and many bacteria oxidize NADH by a series of oxidation/reduct ...
Cellular Respiration
... the Krebs cycle, which occurs in the mitochondria. Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle. The Acetyl-CoA is broken down to form CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2. ...
... the Krebs cycle, which occurs in the mitochondria. Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle. The Acetyl-CoA is broken down to form CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2. ...
28 - Weebly
... the liver, and released to the blood or converted to glycogen or fat. • Most fats enter the lymph as chylomicrons, which are broken down to glycerol and fatty acids to enable them to pass into capillaries. • Adipose cells, skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, and the liver use triglycerides to synthes ...
... the liver, and released to the blood or converted to glycogen or fat. • Most fats enter the lymph as chylomicrons, which are broken down to glycerol and fatty acids to enable them to pass into capillaries. • Adipose cells, skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, and the liver use triglycerides to synthes ...
Chemistry: Biological Molecules (GPC)
... resemble other lipids, they are grouped with them because they are also hydrophobic. All steroids have four, linked carbon rings and several of them, like cholesterol, have a short tail. Cholesterol is a steroid. Cholesterol is mainly synthesized in the liver and is the precursor of many steroid hor ...
... resemble other lipids, they are grouped with them because they are also hydrophobic. All steroids have four, linked carbon rings and several of them, like cholesterol, have a short tail. Cholesterol is a steroid. Cholesterol is mainly synthesized in the liver and is the precursor of many steroid hor ...
Carbohydrate Catabolism in the Presence of Oxygen Releases a
... Products: CO2 and acetate; acetate is then bound to coenzyme A (CoA) to form ...
... Products: CO2 and acetate; acetate is then bound to coenzyme A (CoA) to form ...
Cell Respiration PP
... • H+ protons can only diffuse back into the matrix through the ATP synthase channel. • The free energy that is released is used to catalyze ATP formation from ADP and free phosphate groups(“oxidative phosphorylation”) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnQqbMg74Hk ...
... • H+ protons can only diffuse back into the matrix through the ATP synthase channel. • The free energy that is released is used to catalyze ATP formation from ADP and free phosphate groups(“oxidative phosphorylation”) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnQqbMg74Hk ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – Exam 3 Hey everyone, The following is a list
... -body response similar to starvation! - symptoms: -elevated blood glucose -chronic fatigue -weight loss (even though adequate dietary intake) -ketones in blood and urine Type I - Juvenile - no insulin produced by pancreas therefore can’t utilize glucose Type II- Adult onset - insulin is produced, ...
... -body response similar to starvation! - symptoms: -elevated blood glucose -chronic fatigue -weight loss (even though adequate dietary intake) -ketones in blood and urine Type I - Juvenile - no insulin produced by pancreas therefore can’t utilize glucose Type II- Adult onset - insulin is produced, ...
Biomolecule exam review
... 16. Which involves food storage in animals? _______________________________________ a. Where is it found? _____________________________________________________ 17. What is cellulose used for? ___________________________________________________ a. Where is it found? __________________________________ ...
... 16. Which involves food storage in animals? _______________________________________ a. Where is it found? _____________________________________________________ 17. What is cellulose used for? ___________________________________________________ a. Where is it found? __________________________________ ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.