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Chapter 7 Section 1: Founding the Roman Republic Geography: Positive ____________ to north: protection against _____________ _______________ location in the ____________________ o Control __________ and ____________ _____________ Mountains: o Did not prevent _________________ Geography: Negative Alps separate ___________ from ______________ _______________ through the Alps o Enemies could ____________. Long _________________: o Italy _________________________________ Founding of Rome __________________________: (Late 600’s BC) o Came from the __________ o Ruled __________ Brought ________________________________________________ Influenced ______________________ Built ____________ into large city _____________________________? The Greeks and Rome _________________: Settled in Southern _________ and ________ Influenced Roman _________________ o Same ________________ with different _______ ________________ – __________________ ________________ – __________________ Strategic Location Rome built on ______________ along the ___________________________. o ______________ from the coast Protected from ___________________ Located at ___________________________ of river. o ___________________________________________ Early Roman Republic 509 BC: _______________________ overthrew _______________________ Established a ________________: o form of government in which ____________________________________ Only _________ citizens could vote Senate • • • ________________________________________________ The Senate could… • • • Controlled _________________________________ Decided _______________________________________ __________________________: could propose for a ____________________. __________________ - ruled for _________-months & had total control of __________ and courts Magistrates • • • __________________ – two elected officials who served _______ year terms Governed with advice from __________________ Consuls powers: Ran ______________________, commanded _______________, appointed ________________________________ • Had ___________ power –“I Forbid” Magistrates • ____________________ – assisted the consuls • • Commanded armies in times of __________________ Oversaw Roman _________________________________ • Interpreted __________________________ • __________________________: Became Powerful • • _____________________ citizens according to _______________________ Appointed candidates to the ______________________ • Oversaw ______________________________ of citizens Assemblies • Made up of ___________________________________ • • • Voted on _______________________ Elected officials including the _______________________ Served as courts • Elected _________________________: had power over Senate. •could refuse actions of the _________________________. Conflict of Orders Struggle ______________________ to gain more _____ in the ______________ Rome = ______ classes Patricians Powerful, noble ____________________ Controlled ______________________ Inherited _____________________ VS. Plebeians _________________ of the population ____________ and _______________ Few rights: __________ but could not hold _______________ Could not serve as _____________ Laws: ______________________________ Plebeians Gain Rights Gained rights to: o __________________________________ o __________________________________ o __________________________________ o __________________________________ ________________________ 450 B.C. - ____________Roman Law placed in the ___________ for all to read Nobility in the Republic By 342 B.C. – A _____________ always held one __________ position. o Some became_____________: ________________________________ o __________________ faded btw. two classes _______________ controlled the Republic. o Public officials: _________________ The Republic Grows By 265 B.C. Roman control- _________________________________________ The Role of the Roman Army __________ male citizens who owned ___________: ____________________ Strict Discipline: o enforced by _____________________________ o Well trained with _________________________ Roman Army Legion: o __________________________________ o 4,500 – 6,000 soldiers Auxilia: o __________________________________ Ruling the conquered Romans ruled conquered people _______ o Wanted ___________________________________ o Full __________________ to ________________________ o _____________ citizenship to people of __________________________. ex. Greece Conquered people expected to: o ________________________ o ________________________ Conquering spread: o ________________________ o ________________________ o ________________________ Chapter 7 Section 2: Rome Expands its Borders Rome Fights Carthage • Mid 200’s B.C. – _____________________________________ • Carthage – __________________________________________ Carthage • _______________________ • _______________________ • Feared Rome wanted Sicily • Rome feared Carthaginian navy wanted to ________________________________ Carthage vs. Rome • Conflict over Sicily led to the Punic Wars – _______________________ – ________________________ First Punic War • Began 264 B.C.lasted 23 yrs. • Rome – ___________________________________ • Quickly developed navy from captured Carthaginian boat • Added ________________________________________ First Punic War: Results • Carthage asked for _______________________ • Rome forced Carthage to _____________________________ (repay money) • Romans _________________________ Second Punic War • 218 – 202 B.C. • Hannibal: _________________________________ • Assembled huge army in Spain – Included soldiers, _______________________________ • Marched through Alps Italy – ______________________________ Second Punic War • Roman Legions no match for _____________: _______________ • Hannibal: not equipped to attack Roman cities – __________________________________ – Romans: ________________________________ Second Punic War • Rome invades _____________ and threatens ____________________ – Hannibal ordered home • ______________ – Great Roman General • Defeated Hannibal: ____________________________ Second Punic War: Results • Punishment of Carthage – pay ____________________________________ – Had to give up _______________________________ – Lost majority of its power to Rome • Rome: most powerful _______________________________ Third Punic War • Carthage: ________________________________________ – still hated • 149 B.C. – Roman Senate decides to crush Carthage – ____________________________ Third Punic War: Results • 146 B.C. – ___________________________ • Rome: Superpower of the Med. Sea Problems with Expansion • Expanding size of Rome = _____________________________ • Senate: controls ________________________________ • New provinces ______________________________________ Problems with Expansion • Conquered people: __________________________ – not citizens • ___________________________ • ___________________________ • ___________________________ Domestic Problems • B/c of Punic Wars: __________________________ – Import_______________________________ • Farmers: No money: sold farms and moved to the city – ________________________________ Domestic Problems • Equites – new ____________________ – Business people: gain ______________________ • • _________________: – Rich=richer – Poor=poorer Spartacus • ________________ who lead a revolt in 73 B.C. • 70,000 Slaves participated • Romans: _______________________________ • Spartacus: _________________________ Chapter 7 Section 3: Caesar and the Emperors The Rule of Caesar Gave the ___________ food and his ____________ land. Caesar _______________ size of Senate to _________ Reduced the power of the ______________ Wanted to be elected _______________ for life. ___________ many Senators Conspiracy to kill Caesar Many ______________ formed a _______________ to kill Caesar o Feared Caesar’s _______________ and _______________ o Felt he must be stopped. The Assassins Gaius _________________ and Marcus __________________ –2 members of the conspiracy –________________ and ____________ of Caesar March 15, 44 B.C. – –Caesar _____________ to ____________ in the Senate –_________of March Rome in Chaos ______________: Caesar’s grandnephew –Chosen to be his _________________ –Creates a struggle for _________________ The Second Triumvirate Power Struggle ______________ took part of the army –moved to _____________ to join with ________________ Octavian forced out _____________ and ruled __________. The Division of Rome _________________– took eastern Rome ________________ – took western Rome The Power Struggle Ends • • • ______________ convinced Roman _______ to declare war on __________ Octavian captured _________________ Antony and Cleopatra ________________ _____________. Octavian: The First Augustus • • • “_________ _____________” – avoid Julius’ fate Took the name _________________. –“The _____________ One” – _____________ Augustus First Roman________________ : –Never called himself emperor Won over the __________ through food, fresh ___________ and ________. Greatly expanded _____________ –West:___________, East: ____________, South: __________, North: __________/Danube rivers – Pax Romana – _____________ ____________ Began with the Reign of ___________________ Offered the people ____________ and _____________ Price for peace: ______________________________________________. Julio-Claudian Emperors - Relatives of ______________ ________________ • • __________________: 14 – 37 AD - Good ruler but _____________ with the people Caligula: 37 – 41 AD - Brutal and____________, literally - Eventually ______________ • • • • • • • _____________: 41 – 54 AD - intelligent gimp Inexperienced at first - Good _______________ - Conquered ____________________ Poisoned by wife – _____________________ - Put her Son ______________ in power ________________: 54 – 68 A.D. - Also insane and brutal Blamed for _________________ _______________of Rome Had his mother Agrippina ________________ Killed _______________ instead of being murdered by the ____________ Last ____________-____________Emperor Five Good Emperors • • • ____________________: 17 – 138 A.D. - Romanized _________________ Built forts and boundaries along_____________ - Ex: Hadrian’s Wall in ________________ ____________ _______________: 161 – 180 A.D. - last of 5 Good Emperors Preferred to Study ____________ philosophy over ____________ - Forced to Defend empire against _____________ Chapter 7 Section 4: Roman Culture and Society 3 Factors of Roman Strength: 1. 2. 3. Government _________________ unifying force in the empire ________________ ran government o Made all ____________ decisions o ___________________officials/governors _________________ governors o ________________for provinces Laws Needed __________ that fit the needs of a huge empire. _____________ ____________ altered: o New laws could be ____________ o Judges could ______________ old laws to fit new circumstances Trade Policies encouraged ____________ _________________ most important occupation _____________ trade: o Everyday goods ______________ trade: o Luxury goods Transportation ______________ and _______________ o 60,000 miles all _____________ Built by Roman ______________ Promoted_____________, travel, and ________________. o Quick ________________ throughout the Empire. Roman Army Strengthened empire by keeping the _____________ o _______-_______ years service for citizens Maintain ________ on the ___________ o ______________ camps o Defeated _____________ ex. Britain Life in the Empire ______________________Period: o Great ________________ in empire Wealth ________________ distributed ___________ poor – __________ rich Poor: farmers, laborers, city dwellers, and slaves Daily Life: Rich ________ home and _____________ home Conveniences –_______________________ Much _______________ time: Baths Extravagant _________________ Daily Life: Poor Crowed multi-story __________________________ Government provided _________________ _________________ to make decent living Slavery ______________________: No ________ protecting them ________/_________ slaves treated harshly o ___________________ slaves: easier life Could buy _________________ Owning slaves gave a person ________________ and ______________ Religion Achieve harmony with the ______________ o Influenced by ___________________ State religion: promote loyalty to state Sacrifices common to please the gods Architecture Romans used _________ knowledge on city _______________. Master builders of ________, ___________ and ___________. Accomplishments: ___________, Arches, Vaulted Domes, and use of ________ Language and Literature __________ Alphabet o What we use today minus J,Y,W o Adopted by _______________________. ____________: Famous poet o Wrote epic poem ______________ _____________: Famous Historian o Wrote _______________, Rome under ________________ Emperors