Download AP Ecology HW 2012 current

Ecology Unit Review Questions Ch 51- 56
Ch 51- Animal Behavior
1. How do behavioral ecologists define behavior?
2. Compare/contrast proximate vs. ultimate questions of behavior?
3. Define the following terms:
a. Ethology
b. Fixed action pattern
c. Sign stimulus
d. Imprinting
e. Sensitive period
f. Innate behavior
4. Compare and contrast and give specific examples of kinesis and taxis.
5. What is the relationship between migration and genetic control?
6. Describe and give three different examples of animal signals and communication.
7. What evidence is there that mating and parental behavior can be under genetic influence?
8. Define the following terms:
a. Learning
b. Habituation
c. Spatial learning
d. Cognitive map
e. Associative learning
f. Classical conditioning
g. Operant conditioning
9. Provide 2 different examples of the relationship between behavioral trait and natural selection. Why
does this relationship “make sense”?
10. The statement can be made that “there are risks and benefits” to everything.” How does this relate to
the optimal foraging theory?
11. What is generally the most important factor in the evolution of mating systems and why does this
“make sense’?
12. What is agonistic behavior?
13. Define the following terms:
a. Altruism
b. Inclusive fitness
c. Coefficient of relatedness
d. Kin selection
14. What is the relationship between social learning and culture?
Ch 52 –intro to ecology & biosphere
1. Explain the importance of temperature, water, light, soil, and wind to living organisms (G.1.1 &2)
2. Describe how environmental changes may produce behavioral, physiological, morphological, or
adaptive responses in organisms
3. Describe the characteristics of the major biomes
a.
tropical forest
b.
savanna
c.
desert
d.
chaparral or shrubland
e.
temperate grassland
f.
temperate forest
g.
taiga
h.
tundra
4. Compare and contrast the types of freshwater communities
5. Using a diagram identify the various zones found in the marine environment
6. Explain the role of dissolved oxygen in water systems; where are high & low levels found and how it
changes seasonally.
Ch 53 Rev. (population ecology)
1.
2.
Explain how ecologists measure species density using capture/release or random sampling
Describe conditions which may result in clumped dispersion, random dispersion, and uniform
dispersion of populations
3. Explain how age structure, generation time, and sex structure of populations can affect population
growth (especially human populations- demographic transition & natality,
immigration, emigration and death rates)
4. Describe the characteristics of populations which exhibit Type I, Type II, and
Type III survivorship curves
5. List 3 factors that affect population
6. Explain how carrying capacity & how it affects population growth
7. Compare/Contrast & list how density independent.- vs dependent factors affect population growth
8. Explain how predation can affect life history through natural selection. Explain predator prey
relationships
9. Distinguish between r-selected and K-selected populations include a labeled picture of their growth
curves
10. Explain how a stressful environment may alter the standard R-selection and K-selection characteristics
Ch 54 REV
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
List 4 properties of a community and explain the importance of each
Explain how interspecific competition may affect community structure
Describe the competitive exclusion principle (G.1.7)
Distinguish between an organism's fundamental niche and realized niche (G.1.8)
Explain how resource partitioning can affect species diversity
Describe the defense mechanisms evolved by plants to reduce predation by herbivores
Explain how cryptic coloration and aposematic coloration aid an animal in avoiding predators
Distinguish between Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry
Describe how predators use mimicry to obtain prey
Explain the role of predators in community structure
Distinguish among parasitism, mutualism, and commensalisms
12. Distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession
Ch 55 Rev
1.
Explain the importance of autotrophic organisms with respect to energy flow
and nutrient cycling
2. List and describe the importance of the 4 consumer levels found in ecosystems
3. Explain the difference between gross & net primary productivity (G.2.1)
4. Explain why productivity declines at each trophic level & list factors that can limit productivity
6. Distinguish between energy pyramids and biomass pyramids (know units for IB exam!)
7. Draw out
a. the hydrologic (water) cycle
b. carbon cycle (show photosynthesis and cellular respiration on land & water
c. nitrogen cycle note the importance of nitrogen fixation to living organisms – explain
assimilation, fixation, ammonification, denitrifying, nitrifying
d. phosphorus is recycled locally inmost ecosystems
8. Explain why the soil in tropical forests contains lower levels of nutrients than soil in temperate forests
9. Describe how agricultural practices can interfere with nitrogen cycling
10. Describe how deforestation can affect nutrient cycling within an ecosystem
11. Explain how "cultural eutrophication" can alter freshwater ecosystems.
12. Explain why toxic compounds usually have the greatest effect on top-level carnivores
13. List & Describe human interferences that might alter the biosphere include details on ozone depletion,
global change (causes, consequences), outline the effect on arctic ecosystems.
14. What is the precautionary principle? Evaluate it as a justification for strong action in response to the
threats posed by the enhanced greenhouse effect.
15. Explain reasons for the exponential growth phase, plateau phase and transitional phase in the logistic
growth curve.
Ch 56 Conservation Biology
1.
2.
3.
4.
Describe the importance & major threats to biodiversity
Describe the 3 basic concepts upon which the field of biodiversity is based
Define the term : "biodiversity hot spot"
Describe how the biodiversity crisis extends throughout the hierarchy of
biological organization
5. Describe how habitat fragmentation affects population dynamics
6. Define "source habitat" and "sink habitat" and how these concepts relate to conservation habitats
7. Describe how population viability analysis and estimates of minimum viability size and effective
population size are used to evaluate the chances of a species persisting or becoming extinct
8. Describe how edges and corridors influence landscape biodiversity
9. Discuss why nature reserves are important to preserving biodiversity and why conservation efforts will
involve working in landscapes dominated by humans
10. Describe why restoring degraded areas is an important part of conservation biology and how
bioremediation and augmentation play a role in restoration efforts
IB students important concepts extra reading in your 3 rd ed. Biology IB study guide (Weem Talbot, &
Mayrhofer) but AP students should know these as well. Be able to:
Core (SL & HL)
5.1.1- Define species, habitat, population, community, ecosystem and ecology
5.1.2 Distinguish between autotroph & heterotroph
5.1.3- Distinguish between consumers, detrivores, and saprotrophs
5.1.4. – Describe what is meant by a food chain, giving 3 ex. & 3 linkages (4 organisms)
5.1.5. Describe what is meant by a food web
5.1.6- Define a trophic level
5.1.7- Deduce the trophic level of organisms in a food chain or web
5.1.8- Construct a food web containing up to 10 organisms using appropriate information
5.1.9 State that light is the initial energy source for almost all communities
5.1.10 Explain the energy flow in a food chain.
5.1.11 State that energy transformation are never 100% efficient
5.1.12 Explain the reasons for the shape of energy pyramids
5.1.13 Explain that energy enters and leaves ecosystems, but nutrients are recycled.
5.1.14 State that saprotrophic bacteria & fungi recycle nutrients.
5.2.1- Draw and label a diagram of the carbon cycle to show the processes involved.
5.2.2 Analyze the the changein concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide using historical records.
5.2.3- Explain the relationship between the rises in concentrations of atmospheric CO2; CH4; N2O &
enhanced greenhouse effect.
5.2.4- Outline the precautionary principle
5.2.5 Evaluate the precautionary principle as justification for strong action in response to the threats posed
by the enhanced greenhouse effect.
5.2.6- Outline the consequence of a global temperature rise on artic ecosystems.
5.3- Outline how population size is affected by natality, immigration, mortality & emigration
5.3.2 Draw & label a graph showing a sigmoid population growth curve. (logistic)
5.3.3 Explain reasons for the exponential growth phase, plateau phase and transistional phases between
these 2 phases
5.3.4- List 3 factors that set limits to population increase.
Option G- Ecology (both SL & HL)
G.1.1- Outline the factors that affect the distribution of plant species, including temp, water, light, soil pH,
salinity and mineral nutrients
G.1.2- Explain the factors that affect the distribution of animal species, including temp, water, breeding
site, food supply & territory
G.1.3- Describe 1 method of random sampling based on quandrant methods that is used to compare the pop
size of 2 plant & 2 animal species.
G. 1.4 outline the use of a transect to correlate the distribution of plant or animal species w/ an abiotic
variable
G.1.5- Explain what is meant by the niche concept, including an organism’s spatial habitat, its feeding
activities and its activities with other species.
G.1.7- Explain the principle of competitive exclusion principle
G.2.1 Define gross production, net production, & biomass
G.2.2-Calc value use net productivity =gross production – respiration
G.2.3- Discuss the difficulties of classifying organisms into trophic levels
G.2.4- Explain the small biomss and low numbers of organisms in higher tropic levels ( 10% rule)
G.2.5 Construct an energy pyramid given appropriate information
G.2.6 Distinguish between primary secondary succession using an example of each.
G.2.7 Outline the changes in species diversity & production during primary succession.
G.2.8 Explain the effects of living organisms on the abiotic environment w/ reference to the changes during
primary succession.
G.2.9- Distinguish between biome and biosphere
G.2.10 Explain how rainfall and temperature affect distribution of biomes
G.2.11- Outline the characteristics of the 6 major biomes
G.3.1- Calculate the simpson diversity index for 2 different local communities
G.3.2-Analyze the biodiversity of the 2 local communities using the simpson index
G.3.3 – Discuss reasons for the conservation of biodiversity using rainforest as an example
G. 3.4- List 3 examples of intro of alien species that have had significant impacts on ecosystem
G.3.5 Discuss the impacts of alien species on ecosystems
G.3.6 Outline 1 ex of biological control of invasive species
G.3.7- Define biomagnification
G. 3.8 Explain the cause and consequence of biomagnification using a named example
G.3.9- Outline the effect of UV radiation on living tissue & biological productivity
G.3.10- Outline the effect of CFCs on ozone layer
G.3.11 State the ozone in the stratosphere absorbs UV radiation.
HL ext biodiversity & conservation
G.4.1-Explain the use of biotic indices and indicator species in monitoring environmental change.
G.4.2- Outline the factors that contributed to the extinction of one name animal species
G.4.3- Outline the biogeographical features of nature reserves that promote the conservation of diversity
G.4.4- Discuss the role of active management techniques in conservation
G.4. 5 Discuss the advantages of in situ conservation of endangered species (terrestrial & aquatic reserves)
G.4. 6- Outline the use of ex situ conservation measures, including captive breeding of animals, botanic
gardens and see banks.
G.5 Population Ecology (SL & HL)
G.5.1- distinguish between r and k strategists
G.5.2 discuss the environmental conditions that favor either r- or K-strategies
G.5.3. Describe one technique used to estimate the population size of an animal species based on capturemark-release-recapture method (Lincoln index)
G.5.4 Describe the methods used to estimate the size of commercial fish stocks.
G.5.5- Outline the concept of max sustainable yield in the conservation of fish stocks
G.5.6- Discuss international measures that would promote the conservation of fish