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Transcript
Ecology Unit Review Questions Ch 51- 56 Ch 51- Animal Behavior 1. How do behavioral ecologists define behavior? 2. Compare/contrast proximate vs. ultimate questions of behavior? 3. Define the following terms: b. Fixed action pattern c. Sign stimulus d. Imprinting e. Sensitive period f. Innate behavior 4. Compare and contrast and give specific examples of kinesis and taxis. 5. What is the relationship between migration and genetic control? 6. Describe and give three different examples of animal signals and communication. 7. What evidence is there that mating and parental behavior can be under genetic influence? 8. Define the following terms: a. Learning b. Habituation c. Spatial learning d. Cognitive map e. Associative learning f. Classical conditioning g. Operant conditioning 9. Provide 2 different examples of the relationship between behavioral trait and natural selection. Why does this relationship “make sense”? 10. The statement can be made that “there are risks and benefits” to everything.” How does this relate to the optimal foraging theory? 11. What is generally the most important factor in the evolution of mating systems and why does this “make sense’? 12. What is agonistic behavior? 13. Define the following terms: a. Altruism b. Inclusive fitness c. Coefficient of relatedness Ch 52 –intro to ecology & biosphere 1. Explain the importance of temperature, water, light, soil, and wind to living organisms (G.1.1 &2) 2. Describe how environmental changes may produce behavioral, physiological, morphological, or adaptive responses in organisms 3. Describe the characteristics of the major biomes a. tropical forest b. savanna c. desert d. chaparral or shrubland e. temperate grassland f. temperate forest g. taiga h. tundra 4. Compare and contrast the types of freshwater communities 5. Explain the role of dissolved oxygen in water systems; where are high & low levels found and how it changes seasonally. Ch 53 Rev. (population ecology) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Explain how ecologists measure species density using capture/release or random sampling Describe conditions which may result in clumped dispersion, random dispersion, and uniform dispersion of populations Explain how age structure, generation time, and sex structure of populations can affect population growth (especially human populations- demographic transistion) Describe the characteristics of populations which exhibit Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship curves Explain how carrying capacity & how it affects population growth Compare/Contrast & list how density independent.- vs dependent factors affect population growth Explain how predation can affect life history through natural selection Distinguish between r-selected and K-selected populations Explain how a stressful environment may alter the standard R-selection and K-selection characteristics Ch 54 REV 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. List 4 properties of a community and explain the importance of each Explain how interspecific competition may affect community structure Describe the competitive exclusion principle (G.1.7) Distinguish between an organism's fundamental niche and realized niche (G.1.8) Explain how resource partitioning can affect species diversity Describe the defense mechanisms evolved by plants to reduce predation by herbivores Explain how cryptic coloration and aposematic coloration aid an animal in avoiding predators Distinguish between Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry Describe how predators use mimicry to obtain prey Explain the role of predators in community structure Distinguish among parasitism, mutualism, and commensalisms Distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession Ch 55 Rev 1. Explain the importance of autotrophic organisms with respect to energy flow and nutrient cycling 2. List and describe the importance of the 4 consumer levels found in ecosystems 3. Explain the difference between gross & net primary productivity (G.2.1) 4. Explain why productivity declines at each trophic level & list factors that can limit productivity 6. Distinguish between energy pyramids and biomass pyramids (know units for IB exam!) 6. Draw out a. the hydrologic (water) cycle b. carbon cycle (show photosynthesis and cellular respiration on land & water c. nitrogen cycle note the importance of nitrogen fixation to living organisms – explain assimilation, fixation, ammonification, denitrifying, nitrifying d. phosphorus is recycled locally inmost ecosystems 8. Explain why the soil in tropical forests contains lower levels of nutrients than soil in temperate forests 9. Describe how agricultural practices can interfere with nitrogen cycling 10. Describe how deforestation can affect nutrient cycling within an ecosystem 11. Explain how "cultural eutrophication" can alter freshwater ecosystems. 12. Explain why toxic compounds usually have the greatest effect on top-level carnivores 13. List & Describe human interferences that might alter the biosphere Ch 56 Conservation Biology 1. 2. 3. 4. Describe the importance & major threats to biodiversity Describe the 3 basic concepts upon which the field of biodiversity is based Define the term : "biodiversity hot spot" Describe how the biodiversity crisis extends throughout the hierarchy of biological organization 5. Describe how habitat fragmentation affects population dynamics 6. Define "source habitat" and "sink habitat" and how these concepts relate to conservation habitats 7. Describe how population viability analysis and estimates of minimum viability size and effective population size are used to evaluate the chances of a species persisting or becoming extinct 8. Describe how edges and corridors influence landscape biodiversity 9. Discuss why nature reserves are important to preserving biodiversity and why conservation efforts will involve working in landscapes dominated by humans 10. Describe why restoring degraded areas is an important part of conservation biology and how bioremediation and augmentation play a role in restoration efforts