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Biology 2121 - Practice Questions Chapter 11 - Neurophysiology Name___________________________________ MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following: 1) Neurotransmitters are released at the ________. A) Axon terminal 1) _______ 2) The rough ER of the cell. B) Dendrites 2) _______ 3) Conducts impulses toward the C) Axon 3) _______ nerve cell body. D) Nissl bodies 4) Conducts impulses away from the 4) _______ nerve cell body. Match the following: 5) Period during which the neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong. A) Depolarization 5) _______ B) Absolute refractory period 6) The interior of the cell becomes less 6) _______ negative due to an influx of sodium ions. 7) The specific period during which A) Relative refractory period 7) _______ potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in membrane permeability. B) Repolarization 8) Called a nerve impulse when C) Action potential 8) _______ transmitted. 9) An exceptionally strong stimulus 9) _______ can trigger a response. Match the following: 10) Numerous nerve impulses arriving at a synapse at closely timed intervals exert a cumulative effect. A) Subthreshold stimulus B) Threshold stimulus 10) ______ 11) Stimulation of a postsynaptic 11) ______ neuron by many terminals at the same time. C) Spatial summation 12) An insufficient stimulus. D) 12) ______ Temporal summation 13) Any stimulus below this intensity 13) ______ will result in no response in a neuron. SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 14) That part of the nervous system that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS 14) ____________ to the skeletal muscles is the ________ nervous system. 15) ________ are found in the CNS and act as the glue that binds axons and blood vessels 15) ____________ to each other. 16) The gap between Schwann cells in the peripheral system is called a(n) ________. 16) ____________ 17) The most common synapse in embryonic nervous tissue is the ________. 17) ____________ 18) ________ potentials are short-lived, local changes in membrane potential that can be 18) ____________ either depolarized or hyperpolarized. 19) ________ is a disease that gradually destroys the myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS, 19) ____________ particularly in young adults. 20) When one or more presynaptic neurons fire in rapid order it produces a much greater 20) ____________ depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane than would result from a single EPSP; this event is called ________ summation. 21) Define neurotransmitter. Name two amino acid neurotransmitters, two catecholamines, 21) ____________ and two peptides. 22) Imagine a neuron that has several hundred axonal knobs impinging on it. The majority 22) ____________ of these axonal knobs are shown to be "firing." However, the neuron in question does not transmit an impulse. Give a valid explanation of why this could occur. 23) Why does a hyperpolarization phase generally follow a repolarization phase in an acti on potential? 23) ____________ 24) What are the basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system? 24) ____________ 1) 2) 3) 4) A D B C 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) B A B C A 10) 11) 12) 13) D C A B 14) somatic 15) Astrocytes 16) node of Ranvier 17) electrical synapse 18) Graded 19) Multiple sclerosis (MS) 20) temporal 21) Neurotransmitters are chemical signals used as a means of communication. GABA and glycine are amino acid neurotransmitters; dopamine and norepinephrine are catecholamines; and endorphin and enkephalin are peptide transmitters. 22) Both excitatory and inhibitory potentials impinge on neurons. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are "firing," but due to the neurotransmitter released and its action, the postsynaptic neuron is inhibited from "firing" (hyperpolarized). 23) Immediately after an action potential the potassium gates, being slow gates which do not respond to change in the electrical charge, allow additional K+ ions to flood into the cell. These K+ ions decrease the positive ion concentration momentarily below the normal -70mV and thus hyperpolarize the cell. 24) Sensory and motor divisions. Motor has two divisions: the somatic and autonomic. The autonomic has two divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic.