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IB Biology Ecology Exam 2007
The following diagrams represent three ecological pyramids.
1. Which pyramid/s represents a pyramid of energy? A) I. B) II. C) III. D) I & II. E) II & III.
2. Which pyramid would best represent a pyramid of numbers for Douglas Fir forest. A) I. B) II. C) III. D) I & II. E)
II & III.
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3. In a population sampling exercise to determine the number of turtles in a freshwater lake, 100 turtles were removed and
marked by notching their shell. The marked turtles were then returned to the lake. Another sample of 100 turtles was
then collected and the number of turtles with notched shells in this second sample was found to be 20.
Use the following equation: population size = n1 x n2
n3
n1 = number initially caught
n2 = total number caught in the second sample
n3 = number of marked turtles in the second sample
The best estimate for the total number of turtles in the lake is
A)
200 B) 500 C) 1000 D) 5000
4. If amino acids in the proteins of an organism have already been part of proteins of three other organisms, then this
organism could be
A) an autotroph. B) a saprotroph. C) a primary consumer. D) a secondary consumer.
5. A scientist counted the number of water fleas (Daphnia) that grew in small containers of the same size and
environmental conditions. He noticed that the maximum number of individuals that could be grown was 60. What does
this number represent?
A. The population density. B) The carrying capacity. C) The mean population. D) The median population.
6. An increase in the greenhouse effect will have many effects on the Earth. Which effects are most probable?
A) Less ozone, a warmer atmosphere, more UV irradiation
B) A warmer atmosphere, lower sea level, increased cloudiness, more stratospheric ozone
C) A warmer atmosphere, higher sea level, stronger intensity of storms.
7. All of the following are examples of secondary succession except A) regrowth after a forest fire; B) growth of a
forest on an old meadow. C) colonization of rocks by a lichen. D) weeds growing in your garden.
8. In the hypothetical food web at right in which arrows represent energy
transfer to another organism, the producers are represented by
___?__ and the decomposers by ___?___.
A) E and F
B) A and C
C) E and C
9. Species that utilize the same source of nutrition within a food web can best be described as
A) providing double links in a food chain. B) being homeothermic relative to energy flow. C) occupying the same
trophic level. D) being secondary consumers within a complex food web. E) being autotrophs, heterotrophs, or
omnivores.
10. Which of the following factors will affect population growth rates?
C) birth rate. D) all of the above. E) none of the above.
A) net emigration.
B) net immigration.
11. In the food pyramid at right, which of the following organisms are herbivores?
A) Humans. B) Fish. C) Minnows. D) Copepods. E) Algae.
12. A species of malaria-carrying mosquito lives in a forest in which two species
of monkeys, A and B, coexist. Species A is immune to malaria but species B
is not. The malaria-carrying mosquito is the chief food for a particular kind of
bird in the forest. If all of these birds are eliminated suddenly by hunters,
which of the following would be the immediate observable consequence?
A) Increased mortality in monkey species A. B) Increased mortality in monkey species B. C) Increased mortality in
the malaria-carrying mosquitoes. D) Sudden emergence of malaria-resistant strains in monkey species B. E) Sudden
emergence of malaria-sensitive strains in monkey species A.
13. In which organism in the food chain below would the biological magnification of DDT concentration be most obvious?
Grass------ Cricket ---- Prairie chicken ---- Coyote ----- Vulture
A) Grass. B) Cricket. C) Prairie chicken. D) Coyote. E) Vulture.
14. Which of the following is not an example of a method to reduce CFC levels in the atmosphere (to help ozone levels
increase)? A) Use packaging free of CFCs. B) Use CFC-free aerosols.
C) Buy energy efficient home appliances.
D) Buy refrigerators and air conditioners with safe coolant.
Questions 15-17 refer to the graph at right that shows the
changes in population size over time.
Which letter shows:
15. The carrying capacity of the environment.
16. A population in unfavorable conditions.
17. The exponential growth phase of a new population.
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18. The competitive exclusion principle is most likely to occur between two A) closely related species occupying
different niches. B) closely related species occupying the same niche. C) related species occupying different
habitats. D) unrelated species occupying different niches. E) populations of the same species.
19. A phylum is composed of a number of related A) kingdoms. B) genera. C) orders.
E) families.
D) classes.
20. The number of individuals per unit area determines the population’s A) survivorship. B) mortality. C) age
distribution. D) density. E) fundamental niche.
21. What type of population would be associate with a population pyramid that had an extremely broad base?
A) a
rapidly expanding population. B) a stable population. C) a population where the birth rate equaled the death rate.
D) a population where there were more old individuals than young individuals. E) a population with more males
than females.
22. What do all organisms have in common? A) They use DNA and RNA to pass on information to their offspring.
B) They are all prokaryotes. C) They are all eukaryotes. D) They are all genetically identical.
E) They all perform photosynthesis to obtain energy.
23. What is happening to the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? A) it is increasing. B) it is decreasing. C) it
is holding steady. D) it is fluctuating wildly. E) we have no way of knowing.
24. The process of converting nitrate back to nitrogen gas by anaerobic bacteria is known as A) nitrogen fixation.
B) ammonification. C) denitrification. D) eutrophication. E) transpiration.
25. The second part of a scientific name is unique to each A) order in its class. B) family in its order. C) genus in its
family. D) species in its genus.
26. Which of the following is a secondary consumer? A) a carnivore. B) a herbivore. C) a plant. D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.
27. Identify the correct names of the 5 kingdoms accepted by the IB gods. A) Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Monera,
Beastia. B) Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaeobacteria, Eubacteria. C) Animalia, Plantae, Fungi,
Protoctista, Prokaryotae.
28. Which of the following pyramids can never be inverted (have a small base) in a natural ecosystem?
A) pyramid of numbers. B) pyramid of energy. C) pyramid of biomass. D) all can be inverted. E) none can be
inverted.
29. The species of bacteria that nitrifies ammonia into nitrite is A) Azotobacter. B) Nitrosomonas.
C) Rhizobium. D) Pseudamonas denitrificans. D) Nitrobacter. E) E. coli.
30. The species of bacteria that denitrifies nitrate in the soil into free nitrogen in the air is A) Azotobacter.
B) Nitrosomonas. C) Rhizobium. D) Pseudamonas denitrificans. E) Nitrobacter. F) flesh-eating bacteria.
31. Natality is a term meaning A) migration into an area. B) migration out of an area. C) death. D) birth.
32. The Columbia Lily has the scientific name of Lilium columbianum. In the scientific name of this species, Lilium
represents the A) Family name. B) Class name. C) Genus name. D) Species name
33. Organisms that feed on dead organic matter by ingesting it are known as A) producers. B) herbivores.
C) carnivores. D) detritivores. E) saprotrophs.
34. Organisms that feed on dead organic matter by digesting it outside their bodies before absorbing it are known as
A) producers. B) herbivores. C) carnivores. D) detritivores. E) saprotrophs.
35. Identify the kingdom of an organism having the following characteristics: Eukaryotic cell, multicellular: digests
dead matter outside its cells, has cell walls. A) Protoctista B) Fungi C) Plantae D) Animalia
36. A term which includes an organism’s habitat, mode of nutrition, and all of its relationships is its A) ecology.
B) ecosystem. C) biome. D) niche.
37. A molecule which promotes the loss of ozone from the atmosphere is A) methane. B) carbon dioxide.
C) CFCs. D) nitrous oxides. E) All of these gases promote ozone depletion. F) None of these gases promote
ozone loss.
38. An example/s of density independent factors affecting a population include A) food supply, B) quantity of water,
C) disease, D) temperature.
39. Identify the kingdom of an organisms having the following characteristics: Eukaryotic cell, autotroph,
multicellular, cell walls. A) Protoctista B) Fungi C) Plantae D) Animalia
E) Prokaryotae
40. In ecology, what is meant by the term community?
A) A group of populations living and interacting in the same area. B) A group of organisms of the same species
living and interacting in the same area. C) A group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
D) The environment in which a species normally lives.
41. Two male moose fight over who will mate with a female. This is known as A) interspecific competition.
B) intraspecific competition. C) competitive exclusion competition. D) interstate competition.
42. Which of the following is not a damaging effect of ultra-violet radiation on living organisms?
A) It increases mutation rates. B) It causes severe sunburns. C) It reduces the rate of photosynthesis.
D) It increases their temperature, increasing global warming.
E) It causes cataracts in exposed eyes.
43. For many species, there are often regional differences in their
C) taxa. D) binomial nomenclature.
A) common names. B) scientific names.
44. What term means the preservation of a species within its natural habitat? A) Captive breeding. B) In situ
conservation. C) Ex situ conservation. D) De facto conservation. E) Random sampling.
45. Which of the following would not be an example of secondary succession? A) A lichen on a rock.
B) Reforestation after a forest fire. C) A meadow growing after a clear cut. D) Weeds growing in a lawn.
46. Which of the following is not an example of what happens to soil during succession? A) The amounts of mineral
recycling increases. B) Addition of organic matter to the soil. C) Depth of the top soil decreases as increasing
numbers of earthworms eat the soil. D) The soil can absorb and hold more water.
47. What conditions exist when a population is in the plateau phase of population growth?
A.
A)
B)
C)
immigration + emigration = natality + mortality
natality + immigration = emigration + mortality
mortality – immigration = natality – emigration
immigration – natality = mortality – emigration
48. In 1789, Gilbert White, a naturalist, observed 8 breeding pairs of swifts (small birds) in the village of Selborne. Each
pair of swifts produces 2 offspring on average per year. In 200 years this should have produced 10 30 swifts in the
village of Selborne. A survey carried out in 1983 revealed only 12 breeding pairs in this village.
Which of the following possibilities could have prevented the numbers rising to 10 30?
I. The number of nesting sites remained the same.
II. The food supply of the swifts remained constant.
III. Predatory birds in the area were exterminated.
IV. The climate became colder from 1789 onwards.
A) I only.
B) I and II only. C) I, II and III only. D) I, II and IV only.
49. What is meant by the term biodiversity? A) It is the amount of genetic diversity present in the biosphere. B) It is the
number of ecosystems present in the biosphere. C) It is the number of species present in the biosphere. D) It is all of
these answers. E) It is none of these answers.
50. An endangered species is A) a diseased animal. B) a dangerous parasite. C) a group of organisms that is in danger
of extinctionl D) all organisms at the top of a food chain. E) a creature that recently became extinct.
51. Which of the following has a direct role in the nitrogen cycle? A) saprotrophs
C) legumes D) all of the above E) none of the above.
52. Which of the following is not recycled in the biosphere?
A) water
B) chemoautotrophic bacteria
B) nitrogen C) carbon
D) energy
53. Which is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem? A) average temerature of the
ecosystem B) type of soil in the ecosystem C) number and kinds of predators in the ecosystem D) concentration
of oxygen in the ecosystem
54. A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit is
D) predation. E) denitrification.
A) commensalisms. B) mutualism. C) parasitism.
55. The role of saprotrophs in the nitrogen cycle is to A) fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia in the soil.
B) convert nitrogen in organic compounds of organisms into ammonia in the soil. C) denitrify ammonia, thus
returning nitrogen gas to the atmosphere. D) convert ammonia to nitrate, which can then be absorbed by plants.
E) incorporate nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds.
56. Which of the following is a result of biological accumulation? A) DDT has spread throughout every ecosystem and is
found in almost every organism. B) The grenhous effect will be most significant at the poles. C) Energy is lost at
each trophic level of a food chain. D) Carnivores at the top of food chains may be most harmed by toxic
environmental chemicals. E) The top carnivores accumulate the most energy in food chains.
57. Which of the following statements is an economic reason to conserve biodiversity? A) Native species are adapted to
local conditions, whereas alien species are not. B) Every species has a right to live. C) New crops, farm animals or
pets may be developed from newly discovered species. D) Painters, writers and composers have been inspired by
nature.
58. Which of the following is a greenhouse gas? A) methane, B) water, C) carbon dioxide, D) Answers A and C,
E) all of these are greenhouse gases.
59. Which of the following terms refers to the buildup of nitrates, phosphates and other nutrients in rivers or lakes, causing
rapid growth of algae which consume all the oxygen from the water, killing everything and causing a stinky mess?
A) Ammonification
B) Eutrophication
C) Chemoautotrophication D) Nitrification E) Communism
60. Which of the following measures is not an effective method to reduce the greenhouse effect? A) Change from fossil
fuels to non-carbon based energy sources. B) Reduce energy consumption by building energy efficient cars and
homes. C) Buy aerosols lacking CFCs. D) Replant forests. E) All of these are effective methods to reduce the
greenhouse effect.
Name_______________________________________________ Period___________ Period____________
1. Students have used a fine net to capture some freshwater invertebrates (Listed below.) from a stream Calculate the
biodiversity of this section of stream. (Show all work on your paper.) (2 pts)
Mayfly larva
Dragonfly larva
Caddisfly larva
Stonefly larva
Water strider
Water louse
Water mite
Flatworm
Leech
Earthworm
Snail
Freshwater clam
8
5
4
9
3
2
1
7
2
3
1
1
Table One
I.
Based on the census data in Table I, state which of
the five countries had the largest rate of population
growth in 2000. (1 pt)
3) Based on the census data in Table I, state which of the
five countries is decreasing in population in 2000. (1 pt)
4) The United States appears to have a stable population, but in reality, its population is increasing slowly. What factor
that is not shown here is causing the increase. (1 pt)
5) Discuss 4 possible consequences resulting from an increase in the greenhouse effect (4 pts).
6) Discuss 4 possible consequences to humans and animals as a result of an increase in the rate of ozone depletion. (4 pts)
The data below show the age distribution per sex for the countries of Italy and Nigeria.
7)
State 2 reasons for the higher percentage of the population in the age category (0-19) for Nigeria than in Italy (2 pts).
8)
Using the data in Table 2 above, construct an age distribution pyramid for Nigeria on the grid below. Label all
numbers. (2 pts)
10) State which age categroy (cohort) contains the largest number of people for Nigeria. (1 pt)
11) Predict how you would expect the birth rate in Italy to have changed by the year 2020 as compared to 2000. (1 pts)
12) Predict how you would expect the birth rate in Nigeria to have changed by the year 2010 as compared to 2000. (1 pt)