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BIOLOGY VOCABULARY EOC REVIEW
GASTON COUNTY SCHOOLS
_______ 1. cellular structure with analogous function to the human skeleton; maintains cell shape
_______ 2. protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction and is involved in nearly all metabolic processes
_______ 3. disease-causing, non-living particle composed of an inner core of nucleic acids surrounded by a capsid and can reproduce only
when they are inside a host cell
_______ 4. carry the code from DNA to the ribosomes
_______ 5. organelle within the cell functioning like a miniature stomach
_______ 6. “power-house” of the cell
_______ 7. stage of meiosis beginning with homologous chromosomes, each with its two chromatids, separating and moving to opposite ends
of the cell
_______ 8. non-sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes break and exchange genetic material
_______ 9. failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis
_______ 10. type of cell division where one body cell produces four gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes
_______ 11. 23 pair of chromosomes
_______ 12. type of inheritance where offspring that show both tan and brown fur (purebred father with brown fur and a purebred mother
with tan fur)
_______ 13. when gametes are produced, each gamete receives one of two possible alleles
_______ 14. base that pairs with adenine in RNA
_______ 15. genotype for a homozygous tall pea plant; genotype for a heterozygous tall pea plant
_______ 16. results in an RNA copy of a DNA strand
_______ 17. chance of a child inheriting a recessive disorder caused by a gene, if both parents carry a single recessive gene
_______ 18. explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested
_______ 19. alteration of allelic frequencies by change events that greatly effects small populations
_______ 20. dolphins and fish are unrelated vertebrates with similar body shapes that are adapted for moving efficiently through water; what is
the evolutionary process shown by this example?
_______ 21. process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and release energy
_______ 22. weakened, dead, or incomplete portions of pathogens or antigens used to prevent disease outbreak
_______ 23. phenotype ratio of offspring from two heterozygous parents that have a single dominant trait
_______ 24. plants or animals that contain functional recombinant DNA from an organism of a different genus
_______ 25. drawing a conclusion based on circumstantial evidence rather than as a result of observation
_______ 26. organized study of living things and their interactions with their natural and physical environments
_______ 27. any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce
offspring
_______ 28. group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature
_______ 29. an explanation for a question or problem that can be tested
_______ 30. basic unit of organization of living things
_______ 31. any close and permanent association among organisms of different species
_______ 32. simple model used to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem
_______ 33. organisms that use energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compounds to manufacture their own nutrients
_______ 34. organism that consumes both plant and animal products
_______ 35. variety of life
_______ 36. when the last member of a species dies
_______ 37. interrelationship where one species benefits, while another species is neither helped nor hurt
_______ 38. non-living factors: latitude, temperature, precipitation, sunlight
_______ 39. living factors: organisms, predators, diseases
_______ 40. net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
_______ 41. states cells are a basic unit of organization, all organisms are made up of one or more cells, and all cells come from preexisting
cells
_______ 42. cells that have a nucleus and other organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane
_______ 43. plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell
_______ 44. cells without a nucleus or other organelles, but with nucleic acids
_______ 45. moves materials against the concentration gradient and requires energy to overcome flow of materials opposite the concentration
gradient
_______ 46. small, dark cylindrical structures that are made of microtubules and located just outside the nucleus, and play an active role in cell
division
_______ 47. molecule that stores energy for easy use, formed when a phosphate group is added to ADP
_______ 48. process by which cells use light energy to make simple sugars
_______ 49. processes that require oxygen
_______ 50. processes that do not require oxygen
_______ 51. process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins through the involvement of rRNA, tRNA, mRNA and enzymes
_______ 52. cellular division resulting in two daughter cells, exactly identical to parent cells, with a complete set of chromosomes
_______ 53. male and female sex cells, formed during meiosis
_______ 54. the passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring
_______ 55. cell containing two of each kind of chromosome, 2n number of chromosomes
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56. organic molecule composed of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base)
57. insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders
58. idea that nonliving material can produce life
59. mechanism for change in a population (can be directional, stabilizing, disruptive), “survival of the fittest”
60. modern classification system designed by Linnaeus using two word naming for organisms
61. disproved the idea of spontaneous generation by conducting experiments with curve-necked flasks
62. organelle used in plant cells to carry out the process of photosynthesis
63. physical evidence of an organism that lived long ago that scientists use to study the past
64. kingdoms that include prokaryotes
65. kingdom that includes eukaryotes that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments (unicellular)
66. kingdom that includes heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients
67. kingdom that includes multicellular autotrophs (with cell walls) with complex organ systems
68. kingdom that includes multicellular heterotrophs (without cell walls)
69. dating method that relies on the position of rock layers
70. method bacteria use to reproduce asexually
71. complex carbohydrate found in the cell wall of most fungi
72. organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
73. long filament used to propel autotrophic algae through the water
74. major pigment of photosynthetic autotrophs (green algae and plants)
75. plants in which the transport of water and other substances is mainly by osmosis and diffusion from cell to cell
76. a group of tubelike, elongated cells through which water and other materials are transported throughout the plant (xylem and
phloem)
77. a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters
78. life cycle found in algae, fungi, and all plants where an organism alternates between a haploid gametophyte generation and a
diploid sporophyte generation
79. inward movement of cells to form two cell layers, the endoderm and ectoderm
80. system where blood moves through vessels into open spaces around the body organs
81. nerve cord found in all chordates that form the spinal cord and brain
82. type of symmetry exhibited by a sand dollar
83. phylum that contains organisms with a mantle, bilateral symmetry, a digestive tract with two openings, and a muscular foot (some
organisms will contain a hard shell – univalve or bivalve)
84. term used to describe non-motile asymmetrical organisms
85. thin-walled, internal sac found just below the backbone in bony fishes (used to control water depth)
86. organisms with three-chambered hearts, eggs without shells laid in water, smooth moist skin, live larval stage in water and adult
stage on land and water
87. organisms with adaptations for flight, feathers, a keel-shaped sternum four-chambered heart, endothermic, reinforced hollow
bones, a beak and air sacs
88. organisms that are ectotherms that have dry, scaly skin, internal fertilization, and amniotic eggs
89. provides nourishment to the embryo and contains membranes that protect it while it develops in a terrestrial environment
90. hollow, muscular organ in which offspring of placental mammals develop
91. learned behavior in which an animal, at a specific critical time of its life, forms a social attachment to another object
92. system that functions to digest food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminate undigested food and other wastes
93. internal mechanism in which a substance is fed back to inhibit the original signal and reduce production of a substance (example:
hormones in the endocrine system)
94. regulation of internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival
95. each cell does a specific function for a larger organ or tissue
96. process in which chromosomal DNA is copied before mitosis or meiosis takes place
97. hormone in males that stimulates production of sperm, secondary sex characteristics, production of FSH and LH
98. defending against a specific pathogen by gradually building up a resistance to it
99. group of ecosystems with the same climax communities; terrestrial or aquatic
100. number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely
101. cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells
102. innate behavior based on the 24 hour cycle of the day; light-regulated; determines sleep and awake
103. set of three nitrogenous bases that represent an amino acid
104. instrument that uses light and a series of lenses to magnify objects
105. animal with an endoskeleton and a backbone
106. biome surrounding the north and south poles; treeless with long summer days and short periods of winter sunlight; permafrost
107. orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place in communities of an ecosystem over time
108. organisms such as fungi and bacteria that break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms
109. growth pattern where a population grows faster as it increases in size; graph of growing population resembles a J-shaped curve
110. occurs whenever a physical barrier divides a population, resulting in individuals no longer able to mate; causes new species
111. pattern of reproduction that involves the production and fusion of haploid sex cells
112. large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen that provides structure for tissues and organs and
carries out cell metabolism
113. group of organisms all the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time
114. chart of metaphase chromosome pairs arranged according to length and location of the centromere; used to determine numbers
115. any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms
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116. type of reproduction where one parent produces one or more identical offspring without the fusion of gametes
117. inheritance pattern of a trait controlled by two or more genes; genes may be on the same or different chromosomes
118. traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes
119. graphic representation of genetic inheritance used by geneticist to map genetic traits between several generations
120. a plant, such as a cycad or conifer, whose seeds are not enclosed within an ovary, but arranged in cones
121. using lungs, gills, skin to provide exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide
122. the evolution of two or more interdependent species, each adapting to changes in the other
123. a protective response of the body’s immune system that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen – a virus or bacteria), and
produces antibodies specific against that antigen
124. process of observations and study of plants and animals in their natural setting
125. collection of several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment
126. organism that represents a feeding step in the movement of energy and materials through an ecosystem
127. capable of being continued with minimal long-term effects on the environment
128. responsibility for environmental quality shared by all those whose actions affect the environment
129. in an experiment, the condition that is tested because it affects the outcome of the experiment
130. nonmembrane-bound organelles in the nucleus and in the cell where proteins are assembled
131. the anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast
132. formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of gene on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by
the passage at random of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair
133. disease-producing agent such as bacteria, protozoans, fungi, viruses, and other parasites
134. an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host
135. disease-causing microbes that have become resistant to drug therapy
136. substances produced by a microorganism that, in small amounts, will kill or inhibit growth and reproduction of other
microorganisms
137. instinctive seasonal movements of animals from place to place
138. structural adaptation that enables one species to resemble another species; may provide protection from predators
139. photosynthetic green plant or chemosynthetic bacterium, constituting the first trophic level in a food chain; autotroph
140. model that shows all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community
141. cycle of evaporation and condensation that controls the distribution of the earth’s water as it evaporates from bodies of water,
condenses, precipitates, and returns to those bodies of water; hydrologic cycle
142. cellular control of amount and timing of changes to the appearance of the product of a gene; control of gene expression
143. mating of an individual of unknown genotypes with an individual of known genotype; can help determine the unknown genotype
of the parent
144. any segmented worm of the phylum Annelida, including earthworms, leeches, and various marine forms
145. process by which living organisms obtain appropriate foods and use it for growth, metabolism, and repair
146. combined processes, including photosynthesis, decomposition, and respiration, by which carbon as a component of various
compounds cycles between its major reservoirs – the atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms
147. curve of exponential population growth over a short period of time
148. a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane; the hydrophobic lipid ends facing
inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward
149. the substance acted upon by an enzyme
150. a purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine
151. carbon ring structure found in DNA and RNA that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen; includes adenine, guanine, cytosine,
thymine, and uracil
152. Mendel’s third law; states that one of the factors for a pair of inherited traits will be dominant and the other recessive, unless both
factors are recessive
153. mutation due to reorganization of a gene (point mutation)
154. combination of genes in an organism
155. outward appearance of an organism, regardless of its genes
156. genetic cross made to examine the distribution of one specific set of alleles in the resulting offspring
157. minor evolutionary change observed over a short period of time; gradual accumulation leading to new varieties of species
158. organisms that cannot make their own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients
159. increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism; a characteristic of all living things
160. system by which lymph is returned from the cells to the blood and by which white blood cells are produced in response to
inflammation or presence of antigens
161. proteins in the blood plasma produced in reaction to antigens that react with and disable antigens
162. state of reduced metabolism occurring in animals that sleep during parts of cold winter months; an animal’s temperature drops,
oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rate declines
163. growth or movement of a sessile organism toward or away from a source of light
164. graphical representation designed to show the biomass or productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem
165. haploid form of an organism in alternation of generations that produces gametes
166. in plants, the loss of water through stomata
167. ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year (birthrate)
168. study of population characteristics such as growth rate, age structure, and geographic distribution
169. warming of the surface water of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean, occurring every 4 t0 12 years and causing unusual global
weather patterns; sometimes called southern oscillation
170. introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment
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171. methods and plans to protect biodiversity
172. natural resources that are replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable to its rate of consumption by humans
173. procedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled conditions
174. unicellular, heterotrophic, animal-like protist
175. secondary immune response characteristic of swelling, heat, redness, and pain; includes an influx of white blood cells
176. vascular plant tissue composed of tubular cells that transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant
177. vascular plant tissue made up of tubular cells joined end to end; transports sugars to all parts of the plant
178. plants having their seeds enclosed in an ovary; a flowering plant
179. in protozoans, cytoplasm-containing extensions of the plasma membrane; aid in locomotion and feeding
180. from male reproductive organs to female reproductive organs of plants, usually within the same species
181. viral replication cycle in which a virus takes over a host cell’s genetic material and uses the host cell’s structures and energy to
replicate until the host cell crusts, killing it
182. large, ordered structure, enclosed by a membrane, that carries out some life activities, such as growth and division
183. autotrophic process where organisms obtain energy from the breakdown of inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen
184. eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles that transform energy stored in food molecules
185. organisms that are composed of two or more cells (eukaryotic)
186. genetically identical copy of an organism or gene
187. fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protists; provides support
and protection
188. membrane-bound space in the cytoplasm of cells used for the temporary storage of materials
189. scientist who formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection
190. botanist and found of the modern classification system for plants and animals and binomial nomenclature