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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY The Skeletal System Notes Chapter 5 2 divisions: • ____________________________bones that form longitudinal axis • _______________________________bon es of the limbs and girdles Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton • The system includes joints ,cartilage and ligaments. I. Bones:An Overview • Functions-besides giving body shape and Form: – – 1)Support-supports body and cradles soft organs 2)Protection-protect soft organs-eg. Protects brain/vertebrae-spine and ribs for organs of the thoracic cavity Functions cont’d • 3)Movement-Skeletal muscles attach to bones by _______________and bones work as levers tendons Functions cont’d Fat – 4)Storage» ______in internal cavities of bones » Storehouse for minerals-esp.Ca and P….A small amount of Ca must be in blood at all times to reach the nerve tissue for transmission,so muscles contract and help clot blood.Ca in bones as salts go to provide Ca 2+ ions for blood » Hormones control the movement of Ca to and from blood according to body need…..too much Ca can be a problem 5)Blood Cell Formation or ________________________ in the marrow cavities of certain bones hematopoiesis B.Classification of Bones*(all 206 of them) – • There are 2 main types of osseous tissue » ____________________________dense and looks smooth and homogeneous ___________________________ made of needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space Compact bone Spongy bone wrist • Many sizes and shapes:-eg. Tiny pisiform bone of __________________-size of a pea and at the other extreme-the ________________-thigh bone is ~ 2’ long and has large,ball shaped head femur Shape grouping: – _____________________-longer than they are wide;shaft with heads at both ends;mostly compact bone; bones of limbs – _________________________-generally cube shaped and mostly spongy bone ;bones of wrist and ankle;____________________bones-within tendons-special type of short bone-patella Short bones Long bones sesamoid Shape cont’d – ____________________-thin,flattened and usually curved-2 thin layers of compact bone sandwiching spongy boneskull,ribs,sternum – __________________________don’t fit other categories-vertebrae and hip Flat bones Irregular bones Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings C. Structure of a long bone • • • GROSS ANATOMY __________________-shaft-makes most of bone length and is __________________bone Diaphysis is covered by fibrous connective tissue membrane-_________________________-Hundreds of connective tissue fibers,called perforating or Sharpey’s fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone diaphysis compact periosteum • _______________at the ends of each long bone…consists of thin compact layer of bone filled with spongy bone…._____________cartilage covers the external surface(glassy hyaline cartilage gives smoothness to decrease friction at joint surfaces) • Adult bones have a thin line of bony tissue at epiphysis-called ____________________-a remnant of epiphyseal plate of hyaline cartilage in young ,growing bones • epiphyseal plates cause lengthwise growth of bones epiphysis Articular cartilage Epiphyseal line • At end of puberty,hormones inhibit long bone growth and the epiphyseal plate is completetly replaced w/bone • Cavity of shaft stores adipose tissue-________________________,or medullary cavity …In infants this area forms RBC’s-red marrow is there as well • For adults ___________________is in cavities of spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of some long bones—Note:Areas of red marrow are more limited in adults—to places such as sternum • Surfaces have bumps holes and ridges=__________________________-show where muscles,tendons,and ligaments were attached and where blood vessels and nerves pass Yellow marrow Red marrow Bone markings Bone markings – • • 1.projections or processes -grow out from bone surface---goes w/terms beginning w/T 2.depressions or ________________________-indentations in bone--goes w/terms starting w/F(except facet cavities Long Bones-MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY • ______________________-mature bones cells found in matrix in lacunae cavities • Lacunae arranged in concentric circles called____________________around central(Haversian) canals • _________________is a complex of central canal and matrix rings—Haversian system • Central canals run lengthwise through bony matrix to carry blood vessels and nerves to all of bone osteocytes lamellae oteon Microscopic anatomy cont’d • _____________________-tiny canals that radiate outward from central canals to all lacunae-form a transportation system that connects all bone cells to nutrients in matrix --therefore well nourished • _____________run into compact bone at right angles to shaft and communicate from outside to interior • Bone light in weight,but strong canaliculi Perforating(Volkmann’s) canals Bone Formation,Growth and Remodeling • • 2 most strong and supportive tissuebone and cartilage Except for flat bones,most bones develop using hyaline cartilage as model Bone formation cont’d • ____________________-bone formation in 2 phases: – 1)Hyaline cartilage model is completely covered by bone matrix(a “collar”) by bone forming _________________________.For a while,fetus has cartilage enclosed by bony bones.Enclosed hyaline cartilage model is digested away,forming a medullary cavity ossification osteoblasts – 2)By birth most hyaline converted to bone.except articular cartilage on ____________________and epiphyseal plates • New cartilage is continually on the face of articular cartilages(covering bone ends) and epiphyseal plate surface that faces bone ends.At the same time,old cartlage abutting internal face of articular cartlage and the medullary cavity is BROKEN down and replaced by bony matrix Bone ends • Growing bones must widen as they lengthen--osteoblasts in _____________add bone tissue to external face of diaphysis as osteoclasts in endosteum remove bone from inner face of diaphysis wall---both occur at same rate circumference of long bone expands and bone widens….>__________________growth.This is controlled by hormones –esp. growth hormones and ,during puberty , sex hormones • Overall growth ends at puberty ,when ____________are converted to bone periosteum Appositional growth Epiphyseal plates Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones dynamic and active tissue and continuously remodeled in response to : – 1)Ca levels in blood-When blood Ca levels drop below homeostatic levels,the _________________in throat stimulated to release parathyroid hormones-______-into blood.PTH activates ____________-giant bone destroying cells in bones to break down bone matrix and release Ca into blood. » If blood Ca levels are too high,Ca is deposited into bone matrix as Ca salts Parathyroid glands PTH osteoclasts • 2.In response to gravity and muscle mass-long bones retain normal proportions and strength and bones become thicker and form large projections to increase their strength where muscle is bulky….here ________________lay down new matrix and become trapped w/in it….now,trapped,they become osteocytesmature bone cells osteoblasts Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Those that are bedridden and /or weakened lose mass • Rickets-look up p.142_____________________________ _________________________________ E.Bone Fractures • Bones amazingly strong • _____________________= breaks---in young due to activity level and in older people due to thin and weakened bones_ – 1)Closed fracture-clean break that does not penetrate skin – 2)__________________is when the broken bone breaks the skin fractures Opencompound Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings • A fracture is treated by ________________-where the realignment of break happens.In closed breaks,the ends are coaxed back into their position by M.D..For OPEN breaks,surgery is performed and pins or wires are used.After reduction it is _________________________by cast or traction • Simple fracture takes 6-8 weeks to heal….bot longer for large bones and bones of older people(due to their poor circulation) reduction immobilized 4 Events for bone repair: – _________________________forms and blood cells deprived of nutrition die – The break is splinted by a __________________growth of new capillaries(granulation tissue) into hematoma at site of damage.as this happens,connective tissue of various types form a mass called fibrocartilage callus containing some cartilage matrix,some bony matrix,collagen and acts to splint the bone hematoma Fibrocartilage callus – bony callus forms-more osteoblasts and osteoclasts come to area-the fibrocartilage callus is relaced by one made of spongy bone – Bone remodeling occurs-weeks to monthsforms strong,permanenet bone patch at site Axial Skeleton Forms longitudinal axis of body Skull – – Formed by cranium –protects brain and ____________________-hold eyes in anterior position and allow facial muscles to show expression All but one bone of skull is joined by ____________-interlocking , immovable joints(mandible has a freely movable joint) Facial bones sutures Cranium-8 large ,flat bones • • • ___________________________forms forehead,bony projections under eyebrows,and superior portion of orbit ____________________________paired,forms superior and lateral walls of cranium;include _________________________and ____________suture Temporal Bones(pair) lie inferior to parietal and join at ___________________________________ Frontal bone Parietal bones Sagittal suture coronal Squamous sutures Temporal bone markings: • a-External acoustic meatus-leads to eardrum and middle ear-here sound enters ear • b-Styloid process-sharp/attachment for many neck muscles • c-__________________-process bridge of bone that joins with cheek bone(zygomatic bone) anteriorly • d-Mastoid process-full of air cavities(mastoid sinuses)-rough projection posterior and inferior to external acoustic meatus-some neck muscles attach here---The proximity to middle ear makes these sinuses a hot spot for infections- __________________________---also could spread to the brain Zygomatic process Mastoiditis • d-______________foramen allows passage of jugular vein(largest vein of head-drains the brain)-anterior to this is the e-____________________-transmits cranial nerves VII and VIII-facial and vestibulocochlear nerves…. f- anterior to foramen is carotid canal that carotid artery brings most of the blood to the brain Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus • Occipital bone-most posterior of cranium-floor and back wall of skull • a._________________________suture joins this bone with parietals • b. ______________________magnum allows spinal cord to connect to brain • c._____________________________________rest on 1st vertebra Lambdoid suture Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Sphenoid bone-butterfly shaped-spans width of skull and is some of floor of cranial cavity • ________________________”Turk’s saddle”-encloses pituitary gland • Foramen ovale allows cranial nerve v(trigeminal)to pass to chewing muscles of mandible. • Parts form part of eye orbit • Have 2 important openings• 1-______________________allows optic nerve to pass and • 2-_____________________through which cranial nerves III,IV,VI pass to control eye movement • Many air cavities--_________________________________ Sella turcica Optic canal sphenoid sinuses Superior optical fissure Ethmoid Bone-anterior to sphenoid • __________________________”cocks comb”outermost covering of brain attaches here • Small holes on each side of crista galli_____________________-for olafactory nerves • Extensions form superior and _______________________-lateral walls of nasal cavity-and increase turbulence of air here Crista galli Cribiform plates middle nasal conchae facial bones-14 bones-12 are paired plus mandible and vomer • Maxillae(maxillary)-2 fuse to form upper jaw-main –or keystone bones of the face-carry upper teeth in a)alveolar margin • b)palatine processes-form anterior part of hard palate of __________________• c) ________________________sinuses drain into nasal cavity,lighten skull bones and amplify sound we make….mucosa continue into nose and throat and is a source of __________________________infection of sinuses which is an infection of sinuses mouth Paranasal sinuses sinusitis • ______________________pairedposterior part of hard plate-failure to fuse medially is called __________________________________ _ Cleft palate Palatine bones Zygomatic bones • __________________________________ cheekbones-also border of eye sockets • Lacrimal bones-finger-sized bones-part of medial wall of each orbit-each has a groove for tears Nasal bones • ________________________-small rectangular making bridge of nose—lower part is cartilage • Vomer bone-single bone in median of nasal cavitymost of nasal septum • Inferior nasal conchae-thin,curved-lateral walls of nasal cavity • _____________________-lower jaw-largest and strongest bone of face….meets temporal bone and is only freely movable joint of face • ---lower teeth lie in ______________________ mandible Alveolar margin • 3.Hyoid Bone-not really skull,but closely related to mandible and temporal bones-movable base for tongue and attachment for neck muscles • *****Fetal Skull—face small compared to cranium,but skull large compared to infant’s body(1/8 of body length in adult and _____body length in infant 1/4 fontanels • fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones-“soft spots’-allow compression during birth and allows for brain growth in late pregnancy and early infancy--fontanels replaced by bone by 22-24 mos. after birth B. Vertebral Column-Spine – – – – – Axial support of body-goes from skull(support) to pelviswhere it transmits weight 26 irregular bones connected and reinforced by ligaments-resulting in flexible,curved structure Surrounds and protects spinal cord Before birth is 33 vertebrae-9 fuse to form __________________ and _________________________ There are 7 in neck_____________________________;12__________________________;and 5 in lower back-lumbar sacrum coccyx Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae – Individual vertebrae separated by flexible pads of fibrocartilage-______________-allow flexibility and absorb shocks – Intervertebral discs 90 % water in youth and are spongy and compressible---water amount decreases w/ age and less compressible – __________disks is a slipped disc-occurs w/age and/or great twisting force • The discs and the “S” shape to spine function to prevent shock to head Intervertebral discs herniated – The curvature in thoracic and sacral regions are called __________________________________because they are present at birth---a”C” in a newborn – The curvature in cervical and lumbar regions are called _______________________________________ because they develop when the baby is ready to walk Primary curvatures secondary ABNORMAL SPINAL CURVATURES: • _______________________,lordosis and __________________-may be congenital or from diseases…. scoliosis kyphosis COMMON FEATURES OF VERTEBRAE – Body or ___________________disclike,weight-bearingfacing anteriorly – ____________________________arch formed from joining of all posterior extensions_________________________________ – ______________________________-canal through which spinal cord passes centrum Vertebral foramen Vertebral arch Laminae and pedicles – Transverse processes-2 lateral projections from the arch – ______________________________-single projection from post. Aspect of arch(= fused laminae – _____________________________________ _______________________-paired projections Lateral to vertebral foramenallows a vertebra to form joints w/ adjacent vertebrae Spinous processes Superior and inferior articular processes Vertebral Regions – – – – – axis C1 and c2 7 1st 2 atlas and___________.Atlas has no body;Transverse processes contain lg depressionsto receive occipital condyles of skull— allows nodding (“yes”)/Axis is a pivot for rotatopn of atlas and skull ______pivot point on axis Joint between____________allow you to rotate head from side to side(“no) C3 through C 7 lightest and smallest vertebrae;usually spinosous process short and in 2 branches-______________________contain foramina(for vertebral arteries) dens Transverse processes THORACIC• • • • • 12(T1-T12)-all typical Only vertebrae to articulate with ribs Body somewhat heart –shaped and has 2 costal facets(articulating surfaces0 on ea. Side receiving heads of robs Transverse processes articulate w/knoblike tubercles of ribs Spinosous process long Lumbar(L1-L5) » » Massive blocklike bodies;short spinous processes (“moose head”) Sturdiest vertebrae because receives most stress SACRUM Median sacral crest alae • From fusion of 5 vertebrae • Superiorly articulates w/L5 and inferiorly connects w/coccyx • Winglike _________articulate laterally w/hip bone,making sacroiliac joints • Posterior wall of pelvis • ___________fused spinous process of sacral vertebrae • Laterally-_______ • Sacral canal terminates in _______________opening Posterior sacral foramina Sacral hiatus COCCYX: • Fusion of 3-5 tiny vertebrae • Tailbone C.THORACIC CAGE • Sternum,ribs and thoracic vertebrae=______________________________,also called thoracic cage • Sternum(breastbone) • Flat and is the fusion of 3 bones:_______________________________________ _______ • Attaches to the 1st 7 prs. of ribs Bony thorax Manubrium ,body,xipho id process Bony landmarks: – ______________________________concave upper border of manubrium-level of T3 – _____________________________from manubrium body meeting at slight angle to each other,making transverse ridge-level of 2nd rib – _______________________________-pt. where sternal body and xiphoid process fuse-level of 9th vertebrae Jugular notch Sternal angle Xiphesternal joint • _____________________________taking marrow sample at sternum for diagnoses of blood diseases Sternal puncture Ribs-12 pairs • All articulate with vertebral column and then curve downward • ________________________-1st 7 pairs attch directly to sternum by __________________________________ • __________________________-next 5 pairs either not attached to sternum or indirectly.Last 2 pair are called ______________________________sometimes • Intercostals spaces attach to intercostals muscles True ribs Costal cartilages False ribs Floating ribs • • III.Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones of limbs and pectoral or pelvic girdle(which attach limbs to axial skeleton) A.Bones of Shoulder Girdle Clavicle scapula collarbone – 2 bones:________and _________ »1. CLAVICLE » Also called ______________________ » Slender ,doubly curved and attaches to manubrium and to scapula(shoulder joint » Brace against arm touching top of thorax and helps prevent________________ » w/o it shoulder caves in Shoulder dislocation 2.SCAPULAE • • • -shoulder blades-triangular and commonly called ____________________because they flare when we move our arms posteriorly Each has a flattened body with __________________process-enlarged spine of scapula-connects clavicle at acromialclavicular joint and beaklike _____________________________________ That points over top of shoulder and anchors some arm muscles wings Acromian coracoid Suprascapular notch • ____________________________-serves as nerve passageway • Scapula loosely held by trunk muscles • Scapula has 3 borders-_________________________ and 3 angles:superior,inferior and lateral • ___________________-shallow socket receives head of arm bone-in lateral angle Superior,medial(vere -bral) and lateral(axiallary) Glenoid cavity Shoulder girdle is light and allows upper limb free movement due to 3 factors: – each shoulder girdle attaches at one point to axial skeleton-________________________________ – loose attachment of scapula allows it to slide back and forth v. thorax – ___________________________is shallow and shoulder joint is poorly reinforced by ligaments • *****drawback to so much flexibility is _________________ dislocation Sternoclavicular joint Glenoid cavity B.Bones of the Upper Limbs-30 bones-arms,forearms and hands • ARM • Humerus-head fits into glenoid cavity,_________________________;2 bony projections separated by intertubercular sulcus and ______________________-sites of muscle attachment;also ____________________________most frequently fractured part of bone;___________________________roughened area in mid-shaft-deltoid muscle attaches Greater and lesser tubercles Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Medial trochlea • ___________________________runs down posterior aspect of shaft,marking the place for the radial nerve; distal is the ________________-spool-like;ballike capitulum;coronoid and olecranon fossaedepressions that articulate w and medial and ______________________allow ulna to move freely when elbow is bent and extended Lateral epicondyles • • • • • • • • 2.-forearm – ________________-lateral bone on thumb side Both bones of forearm articulate at radioulnar joints 2 bones connected by _____________________________ Both have _______________________at distal end ____________________-below head-tendon of biceps muscle attaches ________________________medial bone on little finger side Proximal end has ___________________ and olecranon process,separated by trochlear notch-grip trochlea of humerous Interosseus membrane radius Styloid process ulna Radial tuberosity coronoid 2.hand-carpals,metacarpals and phalanges – – – carpal 8 _____________bones-2 irregular rows of 4 bones ea.-form carpus(wrist)-bound by ligaments to restrict movement between them(see 8 names p.1620) Palm consists of _____________________________-#’ed 15(thumb side outward);heads are knuckles Ea. hand has 14 phalanges(3 ea. Finger-thumb has 2) metacarpals Ossa coxae Axial skeleton C.bones of the Pelvic Girdle- • formed by 2 coxal(_____________________)-hip bones;form bony pelvis w/sacrum and coccyx • bony pelvis=2 coxal bones,sacrum and coccyx;whereas pelvic girdle=2coxal bones • large and heavy and attached securely to ___________________________ • sockets deep and securely attached by ligaments • most important function is ____________________________ and protect organs • each hip bone formed by fusion of 3 bones:____________________ Bearing weight Ilium,ischium and pubis • ilium -connects posteriorly w/ ____________________joint-forms most of hip bone;alae are winglike portions of ilia-upper portion= _____________________ and ends at anterior superior iliac spine and posteriorly w/posterior iliac spine Sacroiliac joint Iliac crest Sit-down bone Ischial tuberosity • ischium-_______________________-inferior of coxal bone;__________________________roughened area receiving weight when sitting;ischial spine-superior to tuberosity-THIS NARROWS THE OUTLET OF PELVIS FOR PASSAGE OF BABY IN CHILDBIRTH ! • ----____________________________allows blood vessels and lg sciatic nerve to pass from pelvis posteriorly into thigh---injections must stay clear of this area Greater sciatic notch • _______________________most anterior of coxal;__________________________________opening that allows blood vessels and nerves to pass to ant. Thigh;each pubis joins to form cartilaginous joint__________________________________ • Ilium,ischium and pubis fuse at deep socket:__________________________________“vinegar cup”-receives head of thigh bone pubis Obturator foramen Pubic symphysis acetabulum • Bony pelvis divided into false and true pelvis-which must large enough to allow passage of infants head in women for childbirth_______________________measured by obgyn Dimensions of cavity • Individual pelvic measurements vary,but stark difference in male and female – Female inlet larger and more circular – Fem. pelvis as a whole more shallow and bones lighter and thinner – Fem ilia flare more laterally – Her sacrum shorter and less curved – Her ischial spines shorter and farther apartthus outlet larger Her pubic arch rounder because angle of pubic arch greater angle of pubic arch greater D.Bones of Lower limbs-carry total body weight when erect-thus very thick and stronger Thigh-=________________-heaviest and strongest bone of body femur • Proximal has ball-like head,neck and _________________________-separated anteriorly by intertrochanteric line and posteriorly by intertrochanteric crest-----along w/ gluteal tuberosity form sites for muscle attachment;head articulates w/ acetabulum-but also a big fracture site-esp. in elderly;slants medially to bring in line w/center of gravity;lateral and medial condyles distally-articulate w/tibia below……these condyles separated by deep intercondylar fossa/anterior is smooth ______________________-forms joint w/patella-knee Greater and lesser trochanters Patellar surface Leg Interosseus membrane knee » -tibia and fibula connected by _______________________-tibia is shin bonecondyles proximally and articulate w/distal femur to make ________joint-patellar ligament attaches to _____________________distally_____________________forms inner bulge of ankle-ant. tibia is sharp-anterior border for muscles » ________________-lies alongside tibia and joints proximally and distally-NO PART Of KNEE JOINT-lateral malleolus outer part of ankle Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity fibula Support weight and act as lever talus FOOT » » » » » calcaneus Tarsals,metatarsals and phalanges 2 most important functions__________ Tarsus-post. 1/2 of foot-7 tarsal bones ________________-heelbone ______________lies between tibia and calcaneus » 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges-each toe has 3 phalanges and big toe has 2 » Form 3 strong arches-bound by ligaments and tendons(for muscles)fallen arches or flat feet occur • IV.Joints= articulations • *****Except for hyoid,all bones form joints with at least 1 other bone • 2 functions:___________________ and give rigid skeleton mobility • 2 classifications;1)functionally-focuses on movement.There are • ****__________________immovable and _____________________slightly movable(1st 2 in axial skeleton) and ____________freely movable(limbs) • 2)structurally-based on whether fibrous tissue,cartilage or joint cavity separate bony regions-fibrous,cartlagenous and synovial Hold bones together diarthroses synathroses amphiarthroses A. Fibrous Joints-united by fibrous tissue-ex. Sutures of skull-bound by connective tissue fibers w/no movement _______________________-connective fibers longer than sutures-so has more “give syndemoses • B.Catilagenous Joints-connected by cartilageslightly movable-ex;pubic symphysis of pelvis and ________________________-pads of fibrocartilage— also epiphyseal plates and synarthrotic-immovablejoints of 1st ribs and sternum Intervertebral joints Synovial Joints-joint cavity contains synovial fluid • 4 features: • ____________________-hylaline-covers end of joint bones • _________________-joint surfaces enclosed by sleeve of fibrous connective tissue and capsule lined w./synovial membrane • Joint cavity-articular capsule encloses a cavitywcontaing lubricating fluid • ____________-fibrous capsule reinforced w/ligaments Articular cartilage Fibrous articular capsule Reinforcing ligaments bursae Tendon sheath – _______________flattened fibrous sacs w/ thin film of synnovial fluid-common where ligaments,muscles,skin,tendons or bones agitate – __________________________elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon – _________________________-bone forced out of normal position dislocation • Types of synovial joints based on Shape: – ___________________-articular surface flatshort slipping and gliding-nonaxial—intercarpal wrist joints – _____________-cylindrical end of one bone fits into trough-shaped surface of another-angular movement in 1 plane----elbow,ankle and fingersuniaxial-1axis – ________-rounded end of one bone fits into sleeve or ring of another of bone and maybe ligaments-uniaxial—examples:proximal radioulnar joint and joint between atlas and _______________of axis Plane joint Hinge joint Pivot joint dens – ____________________________”knuckle-like”— egg-shaped surface into oval cavity-side to side or back and forth-can’t rotate around long axisbiaxial-knuckle joints – Saddle joints-convex and concave area on both surfaces-thumb-twiddling thumbs – ____________________________head of one bone in round socket of another-multiaxial-shoulder and hips Condyloid joint Ball-andsocket joint bursitis sprain • __________________________-inflammation of bursae or synovial membrane • ________________________-ligaments or tendons damaged by stretching-or torn-heal slowly due to poor blood supply • __________________> 100 different inflammatory or dgenerative joint diseases---possibly bacterial invasion • ______________(OA)-most common arthritis-chronic and degenerative ,typically afftects aged-affects articular cartilage-bone thickens and bone spurs grow on margin of joint-make crunching____________-noise----affects fingers,C and L spine and knees and hips;slow and irreversible,but rarely crippling;can be treated symptomatically for pain and inflammation….possible treatments(?)-capsaicin or glucosamine sulfate arthritis osteoarthritis crepitus • ____________________________(RA)-a chronic inflammatory disorder-usually begins 40-50,but there is a juvenile form;3x as many women as men-many joints affected and usually symmetrically;course varies.It is _________________________-destroy own tissue-trigger unknown;begins w/ inflammation of synovial membranes and fluid accumulates and destroy tissue;PANNUS-abnormal tissue clings to joint and erodes articular cartilage;scar tissue forms and ossifies and bone ends become firmly fused________________________________-not all cases reach this stage.Treatment includes immunosuppressant drugs and symptomatic treatment Rhematoid arthritis autoimmune ankylosis gout • ________________________-uric acid(normal waste of nucleic acid metabolism) accumulates in blood and may deposit as crystals in joints-extreme pain….more common in men,usually after 30untreated bones fuse and joint is immobilized….several drugs prevent acute goutcolchicine,ibuprofen and dietary recommendations V.Developmental aspects • Young fetus is _________________________ and fibrous membranes • Bone growth along epiphyseal plates as one matures • Changes from”C” spine to “S” spine • __________________________-bone thinning disease- Hyaline cartilage osteoporosis • READ THIS SECTION AND TAKE ADDITIONAL NOTES