Download Chapter 9

NAME ___________________
PERIOD ___________________
Grades Nine Through Twelve
Biology/Life Sciences
Science Content Standards
Standards that all students are expected to achieve in the course of their studies.
Cell Biology
1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that
occur in specialized areas of the organism's cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:
c. Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those from plants and
animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general structure.
d. Students know the central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of information from
transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus to translation of proteins on ribosomes in
the cytoplasm.
Genetics
5. The genetic composition of cells can be altered by incorporation of exogenous DNA into the cells. As a
basis for understanding this concept:
a. Students know the general structures and functions of DNA, RNA, and protein.
b. Students know how to apply base-pairing rules to explain precise copying of DNA during
semiconservative replication and transcription of information from DNA into mRNA.
Directions: Before answering questions in this packet, you should read the sections in the textbook that
cover the material.
EVIDENCE THAT GENES ARE MADE OF DNA
1. Summarize Griffith’s transformation experiments.
2. transformation:
3. Describe how Avery’s experiment supported that DNA was the genetic material.
4. Describe how Hershey and Chase altered the DNA and proteins in the T2 phage in their experiments.
5. Describe the key steps of the Hershey-Chase experiment that concluded that DNA is the genetic
material, Mendel’s “hereditary factors”.
6. bacteriophage:
STRUCTURE OF DNA
7. The ______________________ is the site where nucleic acids are synthesized and it therefore directs
the activities of the cell.
8. DNA stands for________________________________________.
9. DNA is composed of repeating subunits, or monomers, called __________________________.
10. Describe the structure of a DNA molecule.
11. The basic structure of a nucleotide includes 3 main parts—list them and include a labeled diagram.
a.
b.
c.
12. The nitrogen bases of DNA include:
Nitrogen Base
a.
Class of organic molecule-purine or pyrimidine
b.
c.
d.
13. What does the backbone of DNA consist of? Describe how it is assembled.
14. The double helix structure was first described in 1953 by ____________________________ and
_______________________________.
15. Were it not for the X-ray diffraction photograph of DNA, taken by ___________________________,
these gentlemen would not have deduced the structure of DNA when they did.
16. The 2 strands of DNA are held together by ____________________________________ between the
bases.
17. What is the pairing pattern seen with the nucleotides of DNA?
18. Why are the 2 strands of DNA said to be complementary strands?
19. Along one strand of a double helix is the nucleotide sequence GGCATCGCAATTCGGCAT. What is
the complementary sequence for the other DNA strand?
DNA Replication
20. The process of the duplication of a DNA molecule is called ________________________________.
21. During which specific phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?
22. Outline the steps involved in DNA replication:
23. The cell has a built-in “proofreading” mechanism for repair, performed by_____________________.
Example: exonuclease
24. Why is it important that DNA replication occurs simultaneously at many points along the molecule?