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DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid The molecule that contains the genetic material Double helix A twisted ladder shape Shape of DNA DNA polymerase Enzyme that makes DNA in DNA replication Semiconservative replication The process of replication where 2 new sets of DNA are made each containing one new strand of DNA and one old strand Codon 3 nucleotide bases in mRNA that correspond to an amino acid Exon RNA Processing The import part of the mRNA that codes for a polypeptide Intron RNA Processing The nonsense part of the mRNA that get cut out during processing RNA Ribonucleic Acid mRNA Messenger RNA An RNA copy of the DNA that can leave the nucleus, so that the ribosome can bind and make protein rRNA Ribosomal RNA Part of the ribosome structure; helps mRNA and tRNA attach tRNA Transfer RNA Transports amino acids to the ribosome to make the protein RNA polymerase The enzyme that makes RNA from a DNA template in the nucleus Transcription Process of making RNA from DNA Translation Process of making Protein (polypeptide chain) from RNA Mutagen Something that causes a mutation Mutation A change in the DNA sequence Cloning Process of creating genetically identical organisms (i.e. bacteria, Dolly); helpful to create copies of a GMO Gel Electrophoresis Process used to separate small molecules like DNA (smaller fragments mover further faster) Genetic Engineering Technology used to manipulate an organism’s DNA by inserting DNA from another organism Plasmid A small circular piece of DNA used as a vector (used in Transformation and making GMOs in bacteria) transgenic organism An organism that is genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism Transformation Process by which bacteria take up outside foreign DNA Restriction enzyme An enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence Recombinant DNA Newly generated DNA that contains sequences and genes of the scientist’s choice from two different organisms PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction Copies DNA (synthetic DNA replication)