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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
The molecule that contains the genetic material
Double helix
A twisted ladder shape
Shape of DNA
DNA polymerase
Enzyme that makes DNA in DNA replication
Semiconservative replication
The process of replication where 2 new sets of DNA are
made each containing one new strand of DNA and one old
strand
Codon
3 nucleotide bases in mRNA that correspond to an amino
acid
Exon
RNA Processing
The import part of the mRNA that codes for a polypeptide
Intron
RNA Processing
The nonsense part of the mRNA that get cut out during
processing
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
mRNA
Messenger RNA
An RNA copy of the DNA that can leave the nucleus, so
that the ribosome can bind and make protein
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
Part of the ribosome structure;
helps mRNA and tRNA attach
tRNA
Transfer RNA
Transports amino acids to the ribosome to make the protein
RNA polymerase
The enzyme that makes RNA from a DNA template in the
nucleus
Transcription
Process of making RNA from DNA
Translation
Process of making Protein (polypeptide chain) from RNA
Mutagen
Something that causes a mutation
Mutation
A change in the DNA sequence
Cloning
Process of creating genetically identical organisms
(i.e. bacteria, Dolly); helpful to create copies of a GMO
Gel Electrophoresis
Process used to separate small molecules like DNA
(smaller fragments mover further faster)
Genetic Engineering
Technology used to manipulate an organism’s DNA by
inserting DNA from another organism
Plasmid
A small circular piece of DNA used as a vector
(used in Transformation and making GMOs in bacteria)
transgenic organism
An organism that is genetically engineered by inserting a
gene from another organism
Transformation
Process by which bacteria take up outside foreign DNA
Restriction enzyme
An enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence
Recombinant DNA
Newly generated DNA that contains sequences and genes of
the scientist’s choice from two different organisms
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Copies DNA (synthetic DNA replication)