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17 Biotechnology
1. What is genetic engineering?
2. What is a transgenic technology?
3. What is recombinant DNA technology?
4. What is recombinant DNA technology
used for?
5. What are the 3 goals of recombinant
DNA technology?
6. What is another application of
recombinant DNA?
7. What type of vaccine can result from
recombinant DNA technology?
8. Bacteria, plants, and animals are
genetically engineered to produce what
types of products?
9. What is one example of transgenic
bacteria helping plants?
10. What is an example of Bacteria that can
be genetically engineered to degrade a
particular substance:
11. What are other biotechnology examples
of useful bacteria?
12. What are biotechnology examples in
mining
13. What are examples of genetic
engineering in plants?
The use of technology to alter the genomes of
viruses, bacteria, and other cells for medical or
industrial purposes
Inserting a foreign gene into an organism
To combine the DNA of two organisms to make
one of them more useful for humans
Causing bacteria to reproduce in large vats to get
them to make a large amount of a particular
protein, growth hormone, insulin, etc.
1. Eliminate undesirable phenotypic traits
2. Combine beneficial traits of two or more
organisms
3. Create organisms that synthesize products
humans need
The production of safer vaccines
Hepatitis B vaccine
Biotechnology products
Bacteria that have genes spliced in them and are
living in plant roots. This can help plants resist
insect toxins.
Transgenic bacteria have been produced which
have the ability to eat oil after an oil spill.

Industry has found that bacteria can be
used as filters to prevent airborne
chemicals from being vented into the air.
 They can also remove sulfur from coal
before it is burned and help clean up toxic
dumps.
 Furthermore, these bacteria were given
“suicide” genes that cause them to selfdestruct when the job is accomplished.
 Many major mining companies already
use bacteria to obtain various metals.
 Genetic engineering may enhance ability
of bacteria to extract copper, uranium, and
gold
 Plants can also be genetically engineered
to make cotton, corn, soybeans, and
potatoes resistant to pests because their
cells now produce an insect toxin.
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14. What is the use of inserting genes into
the eggs of animals
15. What is Gene pharming?
16. How are animals engineered to produce
growth hormone?
17. Describe xenotransplantation.
 Plants are also being engineered to
produce human hormones, clotting factors,
and antibodies in their seeds.
 One type of antibody made by corn can
deliver a substance that kills tumor cells
 another made by soybeans can be used as
treatment for genital herpes.
 To produce larger fish, cows, pigs, rabbits,
and sheep
_ the use of transgenic farm animals to produce
therapeutic drugs in the animal’s milk
Animals have been engineered to produce growth
hormone in their urine instead of in milk. Urine is
preferable to milk because only females produce
milk, and not until maturity, but all animals
produce urine from birth.
Genetically engineering animals to serve as organ
donors for humans who need a transplant. We
now have the ability to transplant heart valves,
kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, lung, and other
organs but there are not enough human donors
18. Statistic of Americans who need
transplants and patients who get transplants.
Fifty thousand Americans need transplants a year,
but only 20,000 patients get them.
19. Death due to lack of available organs for
transplant.
20. Which animal organ has less of a
rejection risk?
As many as 4,000 die each year while waiting for
an organ.
Ordinarily, the human body rejects transplanted
pig organs. Genetic engineering, however, can
make pig organs good for transplantation at less
of a rejection risk.
a form of asexual reproduction (without sex)
because it requires only the genes of that one
animal
scientists at the Raslin institute in Scotland
announced that they produced a cloned sheep
called Dolly
1998
21. What is cloning?
22. What happened in the cloning field in
1997?
23. When were genetically altered calves
cloned in the United States using the same
method?
24. What is the Human Genome Project?
25. When was this project finished?
26. What were the project goals?
a massive effort to put all of the genes in human
chromosomes into the proper sequence
2003
identify all the 25,000 genes in human DNA and
determine the sequences of the 3 billion amino
acids that make up human DNA
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17 Biotechnology
27. What did the Human Genome Project
allow scientists to do?
28. What is gene therapy?
29. What is a mutagen?
30. How are mutagens created?
31. Scientists utilize mutagens to do what?
32. The use of reverse transcriptase to
synthesize cDNA allows cloning in what
kind of cells?
33. The use of reverse transcriptase to
synthesize cDNA is isolated from
retroviruses- TRUE OR FALSE?
34. Synthetic nucleic acids produce
molecules of DNA and RNA in what type of
solutions?
35. What are the uses of synthetic nucleic
acids?
36. What are restriction enzymes?
37. What are nucleic acid vectors?
38. What are some useful properties of
nucleic acid vectors?
39. What are Gene libraries?
40. What does the library contain?
41. What is multiplying DNA in vitro also
known as?
To detect some defective genes and tailor a
treatment plan to the individual.
Gene therapy gives a patient a normal gene to
make up for a faulty gene.
For example, there is a genetic disease of the liver
that causes it to malfunction and leads to high
levels of blood cholesterol, which makes the
patient subject to fatal heart attacks at a young
age. The person is injected with a virus that
contains the normal gene.
It is a tool of recombinant DNA technology.
Mutated genes alone can be isolated.
Through physical and chemical means.
1. Create changes in microbes’ genomes to
change phenotypes.
2. Select for and culture cells with beneficial
characteristics
Prokaryotic cells
True
Cell-free solutions
-Elucidating the genetic code
-Creating genes for specific proteins
-Synthesizing DNA and RNA probes to locate
specific sequences of nucleotides
-Synthesizing antisense nucleic acid molecules
Bacterial enzymes that cut DNA molecules only
at particular nucleic acid sites in the genome
Nucleic acid molecules that deliver a gene into a
cell
- Small enough to manipulate in a lab
- Survive inside cell
- Contain recognizable genetic marker
- Ensure genetic expression of gene
A collection of bacterial or phage clones
Each clone in library often contains one gene of
an organism’s genome
All genes of a single chromosome
Set of DNA complementary to mRNA
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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42. Describe the PCR technique
43. How do epidemiologists amplify DNA?
44. What are the three steps in the
polymerase chain reaction?
45. What does Gel electrophoresis do?
46. What does Gel electrophoresis allow
scientists to do?
47. What is the gel plate in gel
electrophoresis made of?
48. What is the Southern blot?
49. What is the Northern blot?
50. Southern blots are used for:
51. What do DNA microarrays consist of?
52. What are the scientific uses for DNA
microarrays?
53. Two methods of insertion of DNA into
an organism
54. Natural method is:
55. Artificial method is:
56. What is transformation?
Large number of identical molecules of DNA
produced in vitro
It is critical to amplify DNA in a variety of
situations
Epidemiologists used to amplify genome of an
unknown pathogen
Amplified DNA from Bacillus anthracis spores in
2001 to identify source of spores.
Repetitive process consisting of three steps
 Denaturation
 Priming
 Extension
Separates molecules based on electrical charge,
size, and shape
Allows scientists to isolate DNA of interest
Agarose (seeweed)
Gel electrophoresis technique used to localize
DNA sequence of interest
Gel electrophoresis technique used to localize
RNA sequence of interest
Genetic fingerprinting
-diagnosis of infectious disease
-demonstrating incidence and prevalence of
organisms that cannot be cultured
molecules of immobilized single-stranded DNA,
they are fluorescently labeled DNA washed over
array will adhere only at locations where there are
complementary DNA sequences
-monitoring gene expression
-Diagnosis of infection
-Identification of organisms in an environmental
sample
Natural and artificial
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
Electroporation, Protoplast fusion
Injection – gene gun and microinjection
The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the
direct uptake, incorporation and expression of
exogenous DNA from its surroundings.
Transformation occurs naturally in some species
of bacteria, but it can also be caused artificially.
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17 Biotechnology
57. What is transduction?
58. What is conjugation?
59. What is Genetic mapping?
60. What does Genetic mapping do?
61. What is the technology for Locating
Genes?
62. What does FISH stand for?
63. Have most microorganisms been grown
in a laboratory?
64. By what do scientists know
microorganisms?
65. How many species of bacteria from
human mouths have been identified through
its DNA?
66. What problem has been identified in rice
agriculture thanks to DNA identification?
67. To what types of plants can the genes of
pathogens be introduced to create vaccines?
68. What is injected in humans to help
produce antibodies?
69. What are DNA microarrays used for?
70. What is DNA fingerprinting used for?
70. What is Gene Therapy?
What is Xenotransplantation?
71.
72. What is agricultural transgenic
technology?
73. What are some agricultural applications
of recombinant DNA technology?
74. What are the Ethics and Safety of
Recombinant DNA Technology?
DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another
by a virus
When a bacterium uses its sex pilis to insert some
of its DNA into another bacterium
Locating genes on a nucleic acid molecule
Provides useful facts concerning metabolism,
growth characteristics, and relatedness to others
Until 1970, genes identified by labor-intensive
methods
Simpler and universal methods now available
Restriction fragmentation
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
Fluorescent in situ hybridization
No
By their DNA fingerprints
Over 500 species
Methane producing archaea
Fruits and vegetables
Plasmid carrying genes from pathogens
Genetic Screening of individual for inherited
disease caused by mutations. Can also identify
pathogens DNA in blood or tissues.
Identifying individuals or organisms by their
unique DNA sequence
Missing or defective genes replaced with normal
copies
Animal cells, tissues, or organs introduced into
human body. For example, giving a patient a pig
heart valve.
Recombinant plants and animals altered by
addition of genes from other organisms
Improvements in nutritional value and yield
BGH allows cattle to gain weight more rapidly
Gene for β-carotene (vitamin A precursor)
inserted into rice
Scientists considering transplanting genes coding
for entire metabolic pathways
Supremacist view – humans are of greater value
than animals
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17 Biotechnology
In the supremacist view, what value do
humans hold?
What are the cons of new technology?
What can genetic transfer deliver from trans
genic plants and animals?
What can trans genic organisms trigger?
What have studies not shown in regards to
ethics and safety of recombinant DNA
technology?
What are the cons of recombinant DNA
technology?
What are some of the ethical issues that are
considered when dealing with recombinant
DNA technology?
Long-term effects of transgenic manipulations are
unknown
Unforeseen problems arise from every new
technology and procedure
Natural genetic transfer could deliver genes from
transgenic plants and animals into other
organisms
Transgenic organisms could trigger allergies or
cause harmless organisms to become pathogenic
Humans are of greater value than animals
There are many unforeseen problems that arise
from new technology and procedure.
They can deliver genes from transgenic plants and
animals into other organisms.
They can trigger allergies or cause harmless
organisms to become pathogenic.
Studies have not shown any risks to human health
or environment
They can create biological weapons using the
same technology.
Routine screenings?
Who should pay?
Genetic privacy rights?
Profits from genetically altered organisms?
Required genetic screening?
Forced correction of “genetic abnormalities”?
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