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Ch 9 - DNA – The genetic material Vaccine – Griffith’s experiment – Figure -2 Types of S. pneumoniae bacteria – Smooth edged(S) – has capsule, is VIRULENT Rough edged(R) – NON VIRULENT S bacteria R bacteria Heat killed S bacteria Heat killed S bacteria + R bacteria - Live R bacteria took up the capsule and converted to the S strain by ________________. It is the change in genotype when cells take up foreign genetic material. AVERY – concluded that DNA is responsible for transformation HERSHEY & CHASE – They worked with _______________________. It is a virus that infects bacteria and produces more viruses when the bacterial cell ruptures. They used _______ phages to infect ___________ bacterial cell. They used radioactive _________ to label the protein coat and __________to label the DNA core .The DNA of viruses were injected into bacterial cells while the proteins remain outside. Their experiment showed that DNA is the heredity material. 1 Draw Figure-3 and Write out the main steps 2 Structure of DNA Double helix – 2 strands twisted around each other and made up of _____________ which in turn are made up of a phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar (_________________) and a nitrogen base. Nitrogen bases are of 4 types: ___________________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ CHARGAFF’s rule In a given organism, WILKINS & FRANKLIN’s photographs Used X-ray diffraction – a beam of X ray was directed towards an object and it bounces off and creates patterns on a film. This helps analyze the structure. 3 WATSON & CRICK model (1953) Pairing between bases Base pairing rules – Purines pair with pyrimidines Replication of DNA It is the process of making a copy of the DNA Happens during the ______ phase of the cell cycle Draw, label and write out the steps in Figure 9 PROOFREADING – DNA polymerase can only add a nucleotide when the previous base was matched correctly. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA have different number of replication forks. Replication may occur in both directions in both cases. 4