Download BI_231_Laboratory_Package winter2011

Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus
BI 231 Lab
Supplemental Package
PCC-Sylvania BI 231 Laboratory Supplement
1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and
clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire
blanket, safety kit, and showers.
2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.
3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory
guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind,
store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the
benches.
4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear
of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for
this purpose.
5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties
are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory.
Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or
lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.
6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking
immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes,
immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform
the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform
instructor.
7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.
Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the
dissection of preserved material.
8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when
instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.
9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or
surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts
or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after
removing gloves.
10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your
instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to
water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.
11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how
minor, to the instructor immediately.
12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
will be excluded from the Laboratory
Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials
 Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels
that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag
for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.
 Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket
of 10% bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.
 Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do
not replace their covers.
1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.
2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or
surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts
or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after
removing gloves.
3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or
stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.
4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by
your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the
need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every
chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.
5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard
to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the
best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.
a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as
are the models and may take a long time to replace.
6. At the end of an experiment:
a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.
b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in
cupboards!
7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.
8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are
clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be
sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked
before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.
9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are
numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing
slides in box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please,
inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of
dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from
your workbench.
10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in
trash container
provided.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory
Please Read
You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to
review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for
the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are required to
know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well. If there are slides listed in the study
guide then you are also liable to identify these structures under the microscope on quizzes or on
practicals. There will also be various models that are available in the classroom which will be used in the
tests. It is up to the student to identify the structures on these models. Remember, majority of your
practicals will be on these models. Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the
book and do well on quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!
Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand what
was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions in the tests.
Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the beginning of
each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be quizzes on the weeks we
have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only long enough to take the quiz and
then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.
There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do. You will
not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare for the tests.
Any materials found in the lab manual can be used for extra credit questions.
If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator
([email protected]) Thank you!
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 1
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Go over Laboratory Guidelines and Procedures, sign-up for microscopes and lab cabinet
From Lab Manual
Ex 1. Body Organizationn and Terminology
Ex 2. Care and Use of the Compound Light Microscope: This chapter is review. You should
already know how to use and care for a microscope. Please ask your instructor for help if you
need help have forgotten how to use the microscope.
________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: Anatomical terminology, organ systems and organ
DO NOT DO ACTIVITY 2.5 on page 22.
Lab resources: Dissectable models, muscle models
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Anatomical body regions, relationships, and planes (Figs. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3)(Table 1.1)
Organs and organ systems (Fig. 1.5)
Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions (Fig. 1.6)(Table 1.2)
Body cavities (Fig. 1.7)(Table 1.3)
Serous membranes (Fig. 1.7)
Compound light microscopes: care and use thereof
Superficial muscle groups, please label image below
a. Sternocleidomastoid
b. Deltoid
c. Pectoralis major
d. External abdominal oblique
e. Rectus abdominis
f. Biceps brachii
g. Sartorius
h. Rectus femoris
i. Tibialis anterior
j. Trapezius
k. Deltoid
l. Triceps brachii
m. Latissimus dorsi
n. Gluteus maximus
o. Semitendinosus
p. Biceps femoris
q. Gastrocnemius
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 2
Quiz 1 (material from previous week)
Tissues – Histology
Ex 5. Epithelial and Connective Tissues
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Study focus: Be able to identify various epithelial and connective tissues and know locations in
the human body where these tissues can be found.
Lab resources: Microscopes, slide boxes in designated cabinets, instructor scope
Epithelial Tissues: slides to use are outlined in parentheses (Know Table 5.1, 5.2)
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Simple squamous epithelium (artery, vein, capillaries, alveoli of the lung)
Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized (skin) and non-keratinized (esophagus)
Simple cuboidal epithelium (thyroid gland, kidney tubules, some glandular ducts)
Stratified cuboidal epithelium (mammary glands, salivary glands, sweat glands)
Simple columnar epithelium, ciliated (fallopian/uterine tube) and non-ciliated (GI tract)
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (trachea, bronchi)
Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder, ureters)
Mucous membranes: epithelial tissues that secrete mucus via goblet cells
Connective Tissues: slides are labeled with corresponding tissue (know Table 5.3)
 Embryonic CT: Mesenchyme (no slide in lab, please use laboratory manual)
 Connective tissue proper: Loose CT and Dense CT
o Loose CT: Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue
o Dense CT: Dense regular CT, dense irregular CT, elastic tissue
 Solid connective tissues
o Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
o Bone. Structural components of compact bone (Fig. 5.16)
 Fluid connective tissues
o Blood. Formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
o Lymph (no slide)
Matrix of CT = Ground substance + fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
Terms to know:
Blast cells
Fibroblasts
Chondroblasts
Osteoblasts
Hemocytoblasts
Fibrocytes
Chondrocytes*
Osteocytes*
Collagen fibers*
Elastic fibers*
Reticular fibers*
Matrix
Ground substance
Goblet cells*
Erythrocytes*
Leukocytes*
*Be able to identify these cells and fibers under the microscope
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 3
Quiz 2 (material from previous week)
The Integument and its Accessory Structures
Ex 6. The Integumentary System: Cutaneous membrane (skin) + accessory structures (pp6979)
Ex 7. Part I: Introduction to the Skeletal System (pp. 83 - 88
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Study focus: Be able to identify organizational layers of the epidermis and dermis as well as
identify accessory structures of the skin
Slides available: thick and thin skin slides and compact bone slides
Lab resources: Integument models, integument and finger nail models, microscope, slide boxes
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Microscopic structure of the skin
Anatomical model of the skin, images
Specialized cells of the skin
Accessory structures of the skin
The structure of nails
Terms to know:
Organ level
Organ system
Organ
Curtaneous membrane
Accessory structures of skin
Integumentary system
Epidermis
Dermis
Thick skin
Thin skin
Stratum germinativum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Keratinocytes
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Dermal papillae
Epidermal ridges
Hypodermis (superficial fascia or
subcutaneous tissue
Stratified squamous, keratinized
epithelium
Melanocytes
Hair follicles
Hair bulb
Hair matrix
Hair root
Hair shaft
Keratin
Sebaceous glands
Arrector pili muscle
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
Nail plate
Nail bed
Free edge
Hyponychium
Lunula
Cuticle or eponychium
Lateral nail folds
Mail matrix
Nail root
Exercise 6 : Terms to know
Fig 7.1 Classification of bones by shape
Fig 7.3 structure of compact and spongy bone (All)
Lamellae
Compact bone
Osteon (Haversian system)
Spongy (cancellous) bone
Trabeculae
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
Central (Haversian) canal
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
Arteries
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Medullary cavity
Diploe
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 4
Quiz 3 (material from previous week)
Muscle Tissue – Histology & Nervous Tissue – Anatomy and Histology
Ex 10. Histology of Muscle Tissue
Ex 13. Histology of Nervous Tissue (pages 249-255)
Review for Lab Practical I
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Study focus: Muscle and nervous tissue histology taken from exercises 10 and 13
Lab resources: Model of neuron, model of muscle w/neuromuscular junction, microscope, slide
boxes
Slides available: Neuron, nerve, skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle slides
Terms to know from exercise 10:
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle fibers
Endomysium
Perimysium
Fascicle
Striations
Myofibrils
I bands
A band
H band
Intercalated discs
Actin (thin filaments)
Myosin (thick filaments)
Sarcoplasm
Action potentials
M line
Zones of overlap
Z lines
Sarcomere
Sarcolemma
Neuromuscular junction
Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Motor nerve fiber (axon)
Synaptic terminal
Motor end plate
Motor unit
Terms to know from Exercise 13
Table 13.1 Neuroglia cell types
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Receptors
Motor (efferent) division
Sensory (afferent) division
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Somatic sensory receptors
Visceral sensory receptors
Special sensory receptors
Neuron or nerve cell
Chromatophilic (Nissl) bodies
Nuclei (singular = nucleus)
Ganglia (singular = ganglion)
Dendrites
Axons
Synaptic (axon) terminal (synaptic knob)
Myelin sheath
Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinated fibers
Unmyelinated fibers
Nodes (nodes of Ranvier)
Interneurons or association neurons
Multipolar neurons
Anaxonic neurons
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons
Pseudounipolar neurons
Neuroglia or glial cells
Cell body
Axon hillock
Synapses
axoplasm
Lab Practical I will be next week (week 5)!
The practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab
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Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package
Models
Images
Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions)
75 questions
Timed stations
One bonus question – 2 points credit
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 6
No quiz this week!
The Axial Skeleton
Ex 7. Part 2, The Axial Skeleton (pp. 89-136)
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Study focus: Be able to identify all bones and landmarks on tables 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4
Lab resources: Skulls, bags of ribs, sternum, box of vertebrae, boxes of articulated spines. Also,
there is a fetal skull and a model of disarticulated skull (please leave on the instructor bench)
For clarification:
Zygomatic arch: Zygomatic process (temporal bone) + Temporal process (zygomatic bone)
Nasal septum: Perpendicular plate (ethmoid bone) + vomer
Terms to know: Along with the Tables listed above
Frontal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Anterior (frontal) fontanel
Posterior (occipital) fontanel
Anterolateral (sphenoidal) fontanel
Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanel
Primary curvatures
Secondary curvatures
Intervertebral foramen
Atlas
Axis
Dens
Sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Sternal angle
Costal cartilages
True ribs
False ribs
Vertebrochondral ribs
Floating ribs
Vertebral end of rib
Sternal end of rib
Head, tubercle, neck, shaft or body, angle
and costal groove of ribs
Study Tips and How to cope with the amount of material for the following labs
 Write out a list of terms
 Write out terms as many times as it takes you to get the spelling correct
 Test yourself …you can do this in many ways! Former successful students have
o Made up quizzes near the end of lab using models
o Had other students quiz them using models or – if not present – images
o Taken pictures of models/specimen and made up a PowerPoint quiz
o Drawn structures and named them
 If you do the above, test yourself randomly by using several models at once …remember
that in the practical you will have to recall names of structures in a random fashion!
 If you do the above, write down the structures you are naming to practice spelling!
 If a name is hard for you to remember, it helps to know the meaning of root words and
to make the connection to the structure… after all, they have a name for a reason
 Some student use mnemonics to remember names for structures
 Taking pictures of models always helps!
 There are also great web resources with labeled images of the models we use in lab
 Use a coloring book! Successful students have raved about them…
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 7
Quiz on the Axial Skeleton
Ex 8. Part 2, The Appendicular Skeleton
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Study focus: Know all the bones and landmarks listed in Tables 8.1 and 8.2, fig. 8.9
Lab resources: Articulated skeletons, bone boxes
Terms to know:
Male and female pelvis characteristics (See fig 8.8)
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 8
Quiz on the Appendicular Skeleton
Ex 11. Part 1, The Muscle System
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Study focus: List of muscles included in this packet ONLY found in Exercise 11 on pp. 166 - 187
of lab manual, Exercise 11 review sheet
Lab resources: Models, Muscle men
Table 9.2 Anatomical terms of movement
FlexionExtension
Abduction
Adduction
SupinationPronation-
OppositionRepositionEversionInversion
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
Circumduction
Be able to identify the muscle and name the action for each muscle
Head and trunk (thorax and abdomen)
Frontalis (Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle)
Occipitalis (Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis muscle)
Temporalis
Orbicularis oculi
Nasal muscle (Nasalis)
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Levator labii superioris
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Masseter
Mental muscle (Mentalis)
Hyoglossus
Geniohyoideus (Geniohyoid muscle)
Mylohyoideus (Mylohyoid muscle)
Anterior belly of the digastric muscle
Posterior belly of the digastric muscle
Stylohyoideus (Stylohyoid muscle)
Omohyoideus (Superior and inferior belly of omohyoid muscle)
Sternohyoideus (Sternohyoid muscle)
Sternothyroideus (Sternothyroid muscle)
Thyrohyoideus (Thyrohyoid muscle)
Sternocleidomastoideus (Sternocleidomastoid muscle)
Anterior scalene muscle (Scalenus anterior)
Middle scalene (Scalenus medius)
Posterior scalene (Scalenus posterior)
Levator scapula(e)
Splenius capitis
Rhomboideus minor (Rhomboid minor)
Rhomboideus major (Rhomboid major)
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Erector spinae (Iliocosatalis, longissimis, spinalis groups)
Internal intercostal muscles (Internal intercostalis)
External intercostal muscles (External intercostalis)
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Deltoideus (Deltoid muscle)
Diaphragm
Transversus thoracis
Transversus abdominis
Obliquus internus (Intenal oblique muscle)
Obliquus externus (External oblique muscle)
Rectus abdominis
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 9
Quiz on Muscle Group 1
Ex 11. Part 2, The Muscle System
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Study focus: List of muscles included in this packet ONLY found in exercise 11 on pp. 187 - 232
of lab manual, Exercise 11 review sheet
Lab resources: Models, Muscle men
Be able to identify the muscle and name the action for each muscle
Superior Extremity
Biceps brachii (both long head and short head)
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis (labeled on muscle men only, but visible on all))
Triceps brachii (Lateral head, long head, medial head)
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi (labeled on large arm model only, but visible on all)
Flexor digiti minimi (labeled on large arm model only, but visible on all)
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Anconeus (labeled on muscle men only, but visible on all)
Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis (labeled on large arm model only, but visible on all)
Extensor indicis
Dorsal interossei (Dorsal interosseous muscles of hand)
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Adductor pollicis brevis
Lumbricales (Lumbrical muscles of hand)
Inferior Extremity
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Piriformis
Gemellus superior
Obturator internus
Gemellus inferior
Quadratus femoris (typo in book says “quadratus emoris”
Tensor fasciae latae
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Sartorius
Iliacus (labeled on large leg model only, visible on all)
Psoas major (labeled on large leg model only, visible on all)
Pectineus (labeled on large leg model only, visible on all)
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris (long head and short head)
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus longus (Fibularis longus)
Peroneus brevis (Fibularis brevis)
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis posterior
Popliteus
Plantaris (labeled on large leg model only, visible on all)
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Flexor digitorum brevis
Lumbricales
Flexor hallucis brevis
Abductor hallucis
Dorsal interosseous muscles of the foot (Dorsal interossei)