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Instructions: Read Pages: 162-168 n your IB Biology Textbook. Then define the below vocabulary words & address the below learning objectives. TOPIC 6.3 STUDY GUIDE SL Defense against infectious disease Define the following vocabulary words: Pathogen Disease Virus Metabolic pathway Antibiotics Phagocytes Leucocytes Antigens Antibodies Immune system HIV lymphocytes Address the following Learning Objectives: 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 6.3.6 6.3.7 6.3.8 Define pathogen. Pathogen: an organism or virus that causes a disease. Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not against viruses. Antibiotics block specific metabolic pathways found in bacteria. Viruses reproduce using the host cell’s metabolic pathways, which are not affected by antibiotics. Outline the role of skin and mucous membranes in defence against pathogens. Outline how phagocytic leucocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and in body tissues. Details of the subdivisions and classifications of phagocytes are not required. Distinguish between antigens and antibodies. Explain antibody production. Many different types of lymphocyte exist. Each type recognizes one specific antigen and responds by dividing to form a clone. This clone then secretes a specific antibody against the antigen. No other details are required. Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system. The effects of HIV should be limited to a reduction in the number of active lymphocytes and a loss of the ability to produce antibodies. Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS. Helpful Websites: B Cell Animation o http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/immunology/Flash/Bcellmat.html HIV Infection o http://www.aegis.com/topics/virus/ o http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__hiv_replication.html o http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__how_the_hiv_infection_cycle _works.html Immune System Overview: o http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__the_immune_response.html Antigens & Antibodies: o http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__antigenic_determinants__epi topes_.html Practice Questions: 1. Define pathogen. “An organism or virus that causes disease.” (1 p. 49) 2. List some examples of illness which are pathogenic and non-pathogenic. Pathogenic: Non-pathogenic: 3. Outline one example of an infection by each of the following types of pathogens: Type of pathogen BACTERIA Example disease Cholera Pathogen Vibrio cholerae Method of transmission Contaminated drinking water or food Symptoms Severe diarrhea and vomiting Treatment Urgent oral rehydration, antibiotics Dangers Death by dehydration VIRUS FUNGI PROTOZOA 4. Explain why antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections but not viruses. Link thought: how does overuse of antibiotics lead to antibiotic resistance? 5. In the space below, draw and annotate two simple line graphs to distinguish between the action of bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal antibiotics: Link thought: how does overuse of antibiotics lead to antibiotic resistance? 6. Outline the role of skin and mucous membranes in primary defense (acting as barriers against pathogens): Skin is a tough barrier Hairs, e.g. nose Mucous, such as in nose, airways Acidic conditions (e.g. stomach and vagina) Lysozymes Natural organisms 7. State the functions of the following components of the blood: Lymphocytes Immune response – e.g. B-cells and T-cells Phagocytic leukocytes (macrophages) Erythrocytes Platelets Plasma 8. Outline how phagocytic leukocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and body tissues. Method of membrane transport: How does it work? 9. Distinguish between antibodies and antigens. A globular protein. (revise levels of protein structure) Antibody Produced as part of the immune response. Specific to the antigen on the pathogen – the antigen binding site is analogous to the active site of an enzyme. Link thought: how is this important in ABO blood typing and how is that an example of codominance? 10. Explain how antibodies are produced. There are many different types of lymphocytes in the immune system. Link thought: antibodies are globular proteins produced by lymphocytes. Explain how the final antibody is produced from the genetic information in the lymphocyte nucleus, to a level of detail appropriate to your level of study. 11. State the role of memory cells following an infection. 12. Define the terms HIV and AIDS HIV = AIDS = 13. Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system. Effect on lymphocytes Effect on antibody production Effect on health 14. Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of HIV/AIDS. Cause Methods of transmission Social implications 15. Outline some of the economic impacts of HIV in the developing world. 16. The graph below shows the progression of a typical case of HIV. CD4 cells are those attacked by the HIV virus. Once levels of these lymphocytes drop below a critical value, the immune system is no longer able to fight infection and AIDS is diagnosed. a. State the CD4 cell count at which AIDS is likely to be diagnosed. b. Deduce, with a reason, the period in which a person infected with HIV is most likely to pass it on to someone else. c. Describe the effects of HIV on the immune system over time. d. Identify the period in which other illnesses are most likely to result in death. Works Cited 1. Allott, Andrew. IB Study Guide: Biology for the IB Diploma. s.l. : Oxford University Press, 2007. 978-0-19-915143-1. 2. Mindorff, D and Allott, A. Biology Course Companion. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007. 978-099151240. 3. Clegg, CJ. Biology for the IB Diploma. London : Hodder Murray, 2007. 978-0340926529. 4. Campbell N., Reece J., Taylor M., Simon. E. Biology Concepts and Connections. San Fransisco : Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2006. 0-8053-7160-5. 5. Taylor, Stephen. Science Video Resources. [Online] Wordpress, 2010. http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com. 6. Burrell, John. Click4Biology. [Online] 2010. http://click4biology.info/. 7. IBO. Biology Subject Guide. [Online] 2007. http://xmltwo.ibo.org/publications/migrated/productionapp2.ibo.org/publication/7/part/2/chapter/1.html.