Download Test Review: Chapters 9, 10, 11 DNA as Genetic Material

Test Review: Chapters 9, 10, 11
DNA as Genetic Material, Replication, Organization of Eukaryotic DNA
Chapter 9
1. Qualities of Heritable Material
Replication
Storage of Information
Expression: Describe the CENTRAL DOGMA and the flow of information.
Mutation
2. Why were proteins favored as genetic material?
3. Understand the sequence of experiments and provide details that proved DNA was the mechanism of
inheritance.
Griffith:
What is the difference between the R-strain and the S-strain of the bacteria used?
Which strain produced sickness in the mice?
What characteristic of this strain caused its virulence?
What did heat-killing do to the virulent strain?
What did Griffith conclude in each phase of his study?
Test 1:
Test 2:
Test 3:
Test 4:
What was the ULTIMATE outcome of the Griffith experiment?
Hershey-Chase:
What is a bacteriophage?
Sketch a bacteriophage to the LEFT and indicate where the nucleic acid and protein are found.
What bacteria were used in this experiment?
What 2 elements were labeled in this experiment and why?
What was the result of the Hershey-Chase Experiment?
Avery, McCleod, McCarty:
A, M, M used the original strains from the Griffith experiment, R-strain and S-strain.
Indicate what occurred in each test tube as the experiment progressed:
Tube #1 = R-strain + (heat-killed S-strain + DNase) =
Tube #2 = R-strain + (heat-killed S-strain + RNase) =
Tube #3 = R-strain + (heat-killed S-strain + Protease) =
What did the A, M, M experiment prove?
4. NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY
Differentiate between purines and pyrimidines.
Which bases are purines? Pyrimidines?
Know ALL nucleotide structures.
Differentiate between deoxyribose and ribose.
Construction of a single nucleotide.
Construction of a polynucleotide.
5. Watson-Crick Model of DNA
Chargaff’s Rule and nitrogen base composition of DNA.
Franklin’s contribution.
KNOW the Watson-Crick Model of DNA (page 193-194)
6. Comparison of DNA vs RNA
7. Molecular Techniques/Molecular hybridization
In vivo = in life/in living systems
In vitro = in lab
In situ = in position/situation; can be in vivo or in vitro depending on study.
How are probes used in molecular techniques?
Describe FISH.
What are the general steps of electrophoresis? How does DNA separate in a gel?
Chapter 10
Replication as a semiconservative process
Differentiate between conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive replication
Detailed information of the Meselson-Stahl experiment
What model organism was used in this experiment? What was labeled?
What appeared after 1st incubation/replication?
What would have appeared in centrifuge tube if conservative? Dispersive?
What experiment proved DNA replication was semi-conservative in eukaryotes?
What enzymes are used in the replication process and what are their functions?
helicase
gyrase/topoisomerase
primase
polymerase
ligase
Differentiate between the leading and lagging strand according to the direction of replication and the action of
polymerase
What are telomeres and why are they significant?
What is telomerase? What cells have active telomerase? What happens when telomeres shorten?
Chapter 11
Why are eukaryotic genomes more complex than the genome of prokaryotes?
Describe the Endosymbiotic hypothesis.
How large is mtDNA in humans?
Does mtDNA have introns? What are introns? How is the presence or absence of introns significant?
What does human mtDNA code for? What are the products of mtDNA transcription and translation?
Eukaryotic Organization of DNA

Chromatin

Histones

Nucleosome

Acetylation

Heterochromatin
vs
Methylation
vs.
Chromosomes
Phosphorylation
Euchromatin