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Name: _____________________________
Block: ____ Date: ____
Mrs. Stone
Study Guide: Chapter 12
Prentice Hall Biology
Directions: On a separate piece of paper, answer the following questions in complete sentences.
Section 12-1
1. Briefly summarize the experiments of Griffith.
2. What conclusion did Avery’s experiment come to?
3. What part of the virus did the Hershey-Chase experiment show had entered the bacteria?
4. What 3 critical things did scientists know that genes are able to do?
5. What are the monomers of DNA?
6. Draw a picture of a nucleotide and label the three basic components.
7. What are the four kinds of nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
8. Compare and contrast the purines with the pyrimidines.
9. How are nucleotides joined together to form the DNA chain?
10. Describe the model that Watson and Crick developed for the shape of DNA.
11. Did Watson and Crick’s model account for the equal amounts of thymine and adenine in DNA?
Explain.
Section 12-2
12. Compare and contrast genetic information in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
13. Where is DNA found in eukaryotes?
14. Study Figure 12-10. Write a description of how DNA is packaged in the cell start with the double
helix and describe how DNA is eventually packaged into a chromosome.
15. Define chromatin, histones, and nucleosomes.
16. What two types of molecules make up a nucleosome: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids?
17. Why would it be advantageous to the cell to have its DNA molecules tightly condensed into
nucleosomes during mitosis?
18. What does it mean for a DNA strand to be complementary?
19. What is the name for the site where separation and replication occur?
20. What enzyme helps to unwrap the DNA double helix? (From your notes)
21. What is the role of DNA polymerase in replication?
22. Describe the steps that occur in the process of DNA replication.
23. What would the complementary strand to GCC TAC be?
24. How many strands of identical DNA are there when replication is completed?
25. How many identical double stranded DNA strands are there when replication is completed?
Section 12-3
26. Define gene.
27. Describe the general structure of RNA.
28. List and describe the three types of RNA.
29. What is a ribosome made of and what is it’s function?
30. Define transcription.
31. Describe the steps that occur in the process of transcription.
Name: _____________________________
Block: ____ Date: ____
Mrs. Stone
32. Why is the enzyme RNA polymerase important in transcription?
33. What is the purpose of a promoter?
34. What would the mRNA product of transcription be for the template DNA strand: CTA GGA?
35. What are introns and exons?
36. What are some functions of proteins in the cell? (Think back to our molecules of life unit)
37. What is the monomer of a protein?
38. How many different amino acids are there?
39. Define codon.
40. What would the amino acid sequence be for an mRNA strand that reads CCU AGC?
41. What would the amino acid sequence be for the template DNA strand GGA CTT?
42. What mRNA sequence represents a start codon and what 3 mRNA sequences represent a start
codon?
43. What is the purpose of translation?
44. Where does translation occur? (be specific)
45. What must you have for translation to occur?
46. What is the result of translation?
47. Define anticodon.
48. What is the role of the tRNA molecule in translation?
49. What is the role of the mRNA molecule in translation?
50. Describe the three major differences between DNA and RNA.
Section 12-4
51. What are mutations?
52. What are two types of gene mutations?
53. What are the possible results of a point mutation?
54. What are the possible results of a frameshift mutation?
55. Which type of gene mutation would be more harmful to an individual?