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Biology – Study Guide for test over Cellular Respiration – Dec. 3, 2014
Chapter 7: The Working Cell: Energy from food Pages 136-155
LabsFood As Fuel - Review the analysis questions – What happened the energy when you
burned food in your lab. Activty 7.3
Calorimeter measures calories – lets us know how much energy is available in our food
Diagrams:
Glycolysis- Know the numbers of ATP produced in each stage 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle – 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain 32-34
autotroph/heterotroph comparison using photosynthesis and cellular respiration as an
example of how autotrophs and heterotrophs are connected
Terms to know:
autotroph - an organism that can make its own food, also called producers
photosynthesis- using the solar energy from the sun plus carbon dioxide and water to
produce sugars.
Producer – an organism that makes its own food
Heterotroph- organisms that can’t make their own food, also called consumers
Consumer – organisms that eat other consumers and or producers
cellular respiration – a chemical process that uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy
stored in organic molecules(food) into ATP
kinetic energy – the energy of motion
potential energy- stored energy can be converted to kinetic energy
thermal energy – a type of kinetic energy where water and air molecules collide again
and again and they give off heat
calorie – unit of measurement – the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of
1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
ATP- Adenosine triphosphate – energy currency for all living cells
Chemical energy- the energy stored in the bonds of ATP that can used to complete all cell
work
aerobic respiration- respiration that uses oxygen
alcoholic fermentation- Anaerobic respiration where alcohol and carbon dioxide are the
end products
lactic acid fermentation – Anaerobic respiration where lactic acid is the end product
anaerobic respiration –respiration that doesn’t require oxygen
electron transport chain- the chain where the electrons carriers NADH and FADH2 pass
electrons to other carriers with the ultimate goal of producing ATP
metabolism- the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
glycolysis- the breakdown of sugar into pyruvate – takes place in the cytoplasm
Krebs cycle(citric acid cycle)- finishes the breakdown of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide
and releasing more ATP and also NADH and FADH2
ATP synthase—The enzyme embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
where H+ ions go through to produce ADP +P into ATP
Questions to answer:
1. How much ATP is generated in glycolysis?
2 ATP
2. What is the energy investment/energy payoff relationship in glycolysis?
2 ATP must be used to start the process of glycolysis, an investment, followed by a
payoff where 4 ATP are produced so a net gain of 2 ATP are produced from 1
glucose molecule in glycolysis
3. What is another name for the Krebs Cycle?
The Citric Acid Cycle the first intermediate in the Krebs Cycle
4. What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?
They are energy carriers They are produced in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to help
or assist in the production of ATP in the Electron Transport Chain.
5. Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell?
Fluid matrix of the mitochondrion’s inner membrane
6. Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell?
Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
7. Describe the two types of fermentation. Where do they take place and what are the
products?
Lactic Acid fermentation takes place in muscle cells when there is no more oxygen
and continues until the oxygen catches up.
Alcoholic Fermentation takes place in yeast and some bacteria and produces alcohol
and carbon dioxide. (in the cytoplasm of the cell)
8. Where does the oxygen come from in cellular respiration?
We inhale the oxygen when we breath in
9. What happens to the CO2 in cellular respiration.
We exhale the CO2
10. Compare and contrast how autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain food.
Autotrophs make food from sunlight and water and carbon dioxide whereas
heterotrophs eat the food the autotrophs made or eat other heterotrophs
11. Explain how cellular respiration harvests the energy in food.
Cellular respiration breaks down the food we eat into a usable form, ATP to complete
all cell work.
12. Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.
Kinetic energy is the energy of movement and potential is available (resting) but not
being used yet
13. Explain what chemical energy is how cells release it from food.
Chemical energy is the energy in chemical bonds and the ATP molecule has
3phosphates that are like a tightly wound spring and when that last phosphate is
released energy is released to do cell work, ATP must be produced from the
breakdown of food.
14. Define calories and kilocalories as units of energy and how they are calculated.
unit of measurement – the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1
gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
there are 1000 calories in a Kilocalorie
measuring the increase in water temperature X 1000 =I Kcal
15. Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy.
Adenosine triphosphate( a tail of 3 phosphates, like a spring) when the spring is
released energy is released The bond between the second and third phosphates is
broken and so now you have ADP(adenosine diphosphate and phosphate) which can
be recombined to form another molecule of ATP.
16. Give examples of work that cells perform. There are three types of cell work, describe
each and give an example of each.
Chemical work – building molecules
Mechanical work- movement
Transport work – pumping solutes across a membrane
17. Summarize the ATP cycle. See the diagram
Adenosine triphosphate( a tail of 3 phosphates, like a spring) when the spring is released
energy is released The bond between the second and third phosphates is broken and so
now you have ADP(adenosine diphosphate and phosphate) which can be recombined to
form another molecule of ATP
18. Describe the structure of the mitochondrion. See diagram in text
The highly folded inner membrane encloses a thick fluid called the matrix. Many enzymes
and other molecules involved in cellular respiration are built into the inner membrane. The
complex folding pattern of this membrane allows for many sites where these reactions can
occur. This maximizes the mitochondrion's ATP production.
19. Summarize the three stages of cellular respiration and identify where ATP is made.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and 2 ATP are produced here
NADH is also produced and 2 pyruvate
Krebs Cycle breaks the Pyruvate first to Acetyl- CoA to make more ATP(1 per turn and
their are 2 turns per glucose molecule) and 4x2 = 8 NADH
and 1x2
FADH2 is
also where CO2 is released and then exhaled out. Takes place in the matrix of the
mitochondrion.
The third stage the Electron transport chain takes the energy carriers NADH and FADH2
and to carry electrons down the electron transport chain to ultimately make water and
more ATP. The hydrogen ions build up and are transported through the ATP synthase
enzyme/protein to produce ATP from ADP + P. Takes place in the inner membrane of the
mitochondrion.
20. Explain how fermentation in muscle cells is different from cellular respiration.
When oxygen is absent, your body can’t proceed to the Krebs Cycle, repeat glycolysis.
In your muscles the product of glycolysis is lactic acid, which causes muscle cramps.
Until oxygen levels are reestablished you will have pain and cramps. When oxygen is
restored the pain and cramp will stop as the lactic acid is broken down.
21. Give examples of products that depend on fermentation in microorganisms.
Beer, wine, tofu, yogurt, buttermilk, soy sauce