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BSC 2010 Chapter 1 Defining Biology • Science of living organisms • Science-From Greek “to know” – Body of knowledge – Method of inquiry Characteristics of Science • Deals with falsifiable concepts • Dynamic body of knowledge • Open minded approach Defining Feature of Life • Composed of a cell or cells (Cell theory) • Sense and respond • Reproduce • Grow and develop • Cycle energy • Regulate- homeostasis • Display order • Contain DNA as hereditary material Connections- Themes within Biology • Evolution – Change in a population over time – Natural selection – Selects for preexisting traits • Unity • Diversity Themes in Biology • Emergent Properties – Novel properties – Appear as higher levels of complexity are attained – Due to arrangement and interaction of parts – Not unique to life Themes in Biology • Correlation between structure and function • Seen at all levels of organization from atoms to biosphere Themes in Biology • The cell as the basic unit of life both structurally and functionally • All cells share common characteristics Themes in Biology • Continuity based on DNA as heritable information • All cells contain DNA • DNA encodes all proteins found within an organism • DNA allows those codes to be passed on to progeny Themes in Biology • Homeostasis • Maintenance of conditions within tolerable range • Feedback regulation – Negative – Positive Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Reductionism and Systematics • Reductionism – Take apart to understand • Systematics – Study interactions to understand – Determine evolutionary relationships – Ecosystem dynamics Levels of Biological Organization • • • • • • • • Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Levels of Organization • • • • • Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere ? Universe? Classification of living Organisms • • • • • • • • • • Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Specie Binomial Nomenclature Systematics leading to entirely different schemes Bacteria Archae Eukarya Main Types of Scientific Inquiry • • • • • • • • Hypothesis based Scientific method Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Conclusion • Discovery based • Observations- Use senses to intake data • Field studies • Information gathering without drawing conclusions • Conclusions drawn from observations without experimentation Types of Reasoning • Inductive – Derive generalizations from a number of specific observations – Common in Discovery science • Deductive – Draw specific conclusions based on generalizations Summary • Evolution is the over arching concept in biology • New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy • Organisms interact with their environment exchanging matter and energy • Structure and function are correlated at all levels. • Cells are the basic functional and structural unit of life • Continuity of life is based on heritable information contained within DNA • Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems