Download Biology Spring Final Exam Review

Name ______________________________
Period __________
Biology Spring Final Exam Review 2013 KEY
Reproduction: Cell Cycle, Mitosis (Chp 6) DNA Structure and Function (Chp 9) Meiosis
(Chp 7), Reproductive Systems (Chp 24 & 43)
1. What happens in each phase of the cell cycle: (Be specific)
a. G1 – cell growth
b. S – synthesis; DNA replication
c. G2 – continued cell growth
d. Prophase – chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope disappears
e. Metaphase – chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
f.
Anaphase – chromatids split and move toward poles
g. Telophase – nuclear envelope forms around chromatids as they start to unwind
h. Cytokinesis – cytoplasm divides
2. What is the difference between somatic cells and gametes? Somatic cells are
body cells (diploid number); gametes (sperm and egg) are haploid (half the number of
chromosomes)
3. What is divided in mitosis? Nucleus Which type of cells complete mitosis?
Somatic cells
4. Mitosis produces cells that are a(n) ____exact__________ copy of the parent cell.
5. What is divided in cytokinesis? The cytoplasm/cell membrane (and cell wall in
plants)
6. What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle? To keep damaged cells from
dividing
7. What are cancer cells? Cells that divide out of control and do not function
properly
8. What are the three components of DNA? Phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and
nitrogen bases
9. Which nitrogen base does Adenine bond with? thymine
10. Which nitrogen base does Cytosine pair with? guanine
11. What is the difference between haploid and diploid? Haploid is half the number of
chromosomes; diploid is complete number
Name ______________________________
Period __________
12. What is the diploid number of chromosomes for humans? ___46____ The haploid
number? __23____
13. Meiosis produces __4__ cells each with __half____ number of chromosomes as
the original.
14. What is the scientific name for eggs? Ova Where are they produced? ovaries
15. Where are sperm cells produced? testes
16. Be able to label the plant structures on the image below:
17. List the functions of the plants structures in the image above.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Stamen (anther and filament) – male reproductive structure produces pollen
Pistil (stigma, style, and ovary) – female reproductive structure produces egg
Petal – attracts pollinators
Sepal – modified leaf that protects ovary (which forms seed and fruit)
Protein Synthesis Chapter 10
18. Draw a flow map of protein synthesis.
DNA (nucleus)  mRNA  tRNA(carries complementary amino acid)  protein
19. What is transcription? Process that makes mRNA from a DNA strand (gene)
20. Where does transcription happen? In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
21. What is translation? Process that makes chain of amino acids using the codons
on the mRNA
22. Where does translation happen? In the cytoplasm on ribosomes
23. What is a codon? A 3-nucleotide sequence of mRNA
24. What is mutation? Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
25. What are the differences between DNA and RNA? DNA-double stranded,
deoxyribose sugar, thymine base; RNA-single-stranded, ribose sugar, uracil base
Name ______________________________
Period __________
Genetics: Chapter 8
26. Define the following terms:
a. Homozygous – same alleles (BB or bb)
b. Heterozygous – different alleles (Bb)
c. Dominant – allele that shows up as physical trait
d. Recessive – allele that only shows up if dominant allele is not present (bb)
e. Autosomal – traits not linked to X or Y chromosome
f.
Sex-linked – traits linked to X or Y chromosome
g. Genotype – combination of genes for a specific trait
h. Phenotype – physical characteristics or appearance of trait in an individual
27. Be able to analyze a pedigree (see page 175)
28. Does a parent have to show a trait in order for their offspring to show it? No, it
could be recessive in the parent
29. If a trait appears in every generation, it is usually ______dominant_______________.
30. If a trait skips generations, it is usually _______recessive_________.
31. If a trait is more common in males than females, it is usually ____X-linked________.
32. Fill in the Punnett squares below.
P
p
p Pp
pp
p Pp
pp
p
p
P
P
Pp
Pp
Pp
Pp
Analysis
33. Calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for a cross between two
heterozygotes.
a. Genotype ratio
i. # of PP
___1___
ii. # of Pp
___2___
Name ______________________________
iii. # of pp
Period __________
__1____
iv. Genotype ratio = ___1___ : __2____ : __1____
b. Phenotype ratio
i. # of purple flowers ___3___
ii. # of white flowers
__1____
iii. Phenotype ratio = __3____ : ___1___
34. What kind of trait is colorblindness and hemophilia? X-linked
Biotechnology: Chapter 11
35. What is a karyotype and what can it tell you about an individual? Photograph of
the chromosomes of an individual; # of chromosomes, chromosomal mutations
36. Describe the karyotype of an individual with Down syndrome. 3 copies of
chromosome #21 (trisomy 21)
37. What would the sex chromosomes be in a female?
XX
A male? XY
38. In your own words describe the process of electrophoresis. Pg 231-uses an
electrical field to separate molecules by their size
39. Which DNA fragments move fastest? smaller
Which move slowest? larger
40. What is electrophoresis used for? In gene engineering, confirmation of cloned
genes, comparisons in forensics for crimes or identification
41. What is genetic engineering? Manipulation of genes for practical purposes
42. What is cloning? Developing an identical individual by using a somatic cell’s
nucleus/DNA and an egg with the nucleus removed
Cell Specialization
43. Beginning with a cell, describe how the body is organized. Cell, tissue, organ,
organ system
44. Describe distinguishing characteristics of the following cell types that relate to
their function:
a. Neuron (nerve cell) – cytoplasmic extensions, such as dendrites and
axons - communication
Name ______________________________
Period __________
b. Sperm – flagella - movement
c. Red blood cell – biconcave disc – flow smoothly through blood vessels
d. Leaf cell- chloroplast and cell wall – structure/stability and
photosynthesis
45. How does the structure of a cell relate to the function of the cell? Structure
directly affects function
46. List the major features of a bacteria cell. Cell wall (peptidoglycan), flagella or
cilia
47. List the major features of a plant cell. Chloroplast, cell wall, central vacuole
48. List the major features of an animal cell. Cell membrane, cytoskeleton, nucleus,
ER, mitochondria, ribosomes
49. What is cell differentiation? The process by which a less specialized cell, such as
a stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type
Systems and Balance
Be able to identify the major structures from the worm, heart, and rat dissections in
class.
50. What are the major structures & functions of the cardiovascular system? Heart,
arteries, veins, capillaries (transport nutrients and waste to/from cells)
51. What are the major structures & functions of the respiratory system? Nose,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli (deliver oxygen and remove
carbon dioxide from the body)
52. What are the major structures & functions digestive system? Mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas, gall
bladder (breakdown and absorb nutrients from food)
53. What are the major structures & functions excretory system? Kidneys, ureter,
bladder, urethra (produce and remove urine from the body)
54. What are the major structures & functions reproductive system? Ovaries, uterine
tubes, uterus, vagina, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis (add variation and
produce offspring)
55. What is the main function of the nervous system? Brain, spinal cord, nerves
(receives, process, and send electrical signals to control homeostasis)
Name ______________________________
Period __________
56. Which structures make up the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral
Nervous System? Brain and spinal cord
57. What is the main function of the endocrine system? Produce hormones
58. What is a hormone? A chemical messenger
59. Describe how insulin and glucagon control blood glucose levels in the body.
Both are released from the pancreas. Insulin is release following a meal to take
glucose to cells (lowering blood sugar levels). Glugagon signals the liver to break
down glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood (raising blood sugar
levels)
60. What is the main function of body defenses and the immune system? Protect
body from pathogens
61. What is a pathogen? Anything that causes disease , such as a virus, bacteria,
fungus, protest, parasite
62. Give three examples of the body’s nonspecific first line of defense. Skin, sweat,
mucus, stomach acid, ear wax, hair
63. Give three examples of the body’s nonspecific second line of defense.
Phagocytes, inflammation, fever
64. Name the blood cells of the body’s third line of defense. T-cells, B-cells
65. What is the purpose of the inflammatory response? Brings nutrients and white
blood cells to location of injury and carries away waste more efficiently
66. What is the purpose of a fever? Inhibits bacterial growth and viral replication,
increases metabolism
67. Describe how a vaccine or exposure to an antigen through illness can lead to
immunity. A vaccine (weakened or killed pathogen) or exposure to a live
pathogen triggers an immune response and formation of memory cells
68. How do antibiotics selectively target bacterial cells without killing human cells?
Antibiotics target the formation or structure of the cell wall, which human cells do
not have
Viruses Chapter 20
69. Name the two main components of a virus? Capsid and genetic material (DNA
or RNA)
Name ______________________________
Period __________
70. Describe the lytic cycle of viral reproduction. Virus replicates and burst open the
cell, killing it.
71. Describe the lysogenic cycle of viral reproduction. The viral genome remains
dormant in the host cell’s genome.
72. Label the diagram below illustrating the infection of a bacterium by a T4
bacteriophage.
A-Viral Capsid
B-Bacterial Cell Wall
C-Viral Genetic Material
D-Bacterial DNA
E-Bacterial Cell Membrane
73. Which cell type in the body is specifically targeted by HIV? Helper T cells
74. Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral infections, such as chicken pox,
measles, herpes, and influenza? Antibiotics affect cell walls and functions that are
not present in viruses.