* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Genetics - msamandakeller
Survey
Document related concepts
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics in stem-cell differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy of the human retina wikipedia , lookup
Mir-92 microRNA precursor family wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Neocentromere wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
SBI 3U Review Unit #1 – Genetics Vocabulary: genetics Mendel dominant recessive Law of Segregation heterozygous pure breeding plants parentals recessive alleles genotype phenotype homozygous Principle of Dominance monohybrid cross Punnett Square dihybrid cross gametes incomplete dominance co-dominance Law of Independent Assortment cell cycle interphase G1 phase S phase G2 phase mitosis somatic cell chromosome prophase metaphase telophase cytokinesis cell plate meiosis diploid haploid centrioles tetrad crossing-over random assortment homologous chromosomes non-disjunction sister chromatids deoxyribose sugar phosphate nitrogenous base double helix nucleotide complementary base pairing sex-linked trait multi-allelism Tay-Sachs disease albinism sickle-cell anemia Huntington’s disease cloning karyotype pedigree mutations deletion duplication inversion translocation genetic counselling amniocentesis ultrasound GMOs gene therapy F1 generation Diagrams to Know: Cell Cycle, Mitotic Cell Division, Meiotic Cell Division crossing over, Cytokinesis Review Questions: 1. Why did Gregor Mendel use the garden pea plant to study genetics? 2. What is a recessive allele? 3. A mother has a widow’s peak hairline (she is heterozygous for this trait). Her husband also has a widow’s peak (he is heterozygous for this trait too). W hat are the genotype and phenotype ratios for the hairline in their children? 4. If a purple flowered pea plant which has round seeds (heterozygous for both traits) is crossed with a white flowered wrinkle-seeded plant, what are the phenotype ratios of the offspring? (purple is dominant to white; round is dominant over wrinkled) 5. Two parents are double heterozygotes: they have hitch-hiker’s thumbs and can taste PTC. W hat are the phenotype ratios in their children? 6. What phenotype and genotype ratios would be produced if two pink snapdragon plants were crossed? 7. A man who is blood type A and his wife who is blood type B have children. Is it possible for them to have a child with blood type O? Prove your answer with a Punnett square. 8. If both parents are blood type AB, what different blood types are possible in their children? 9. Mr. Smith, type O blood and Mrs. Smith, type AB had a daughter named Debbie. Debbie married Jeff (type A) and they had 4 children. Two of their children had type A blood, one had type B and one had type AB blood. What is Debbie’s blood type and genotype? 10. Draw and label the cell cycle. 11. What is the overall purpose of mitotic cell division? How does it compare to a meiotic cell division? 12. State the phase of mitotic cell division in which each of the following occurs: a. Chromosomes align at the equator. b. A new nucleus forms around two sets of chromosomes c. Spindle fibres first form d. The nucleolus disappears e. Chromosomes separate into 2chromatids 13. Draw a diagram of a chromosome. Label the centromere and sister chromatids. 14. What is meant by the term “diploid”? W hat is the diploid number for human cells? 15. What is a homologous chromosome? 16. A boy is red-green colour blind, which is a sex-linked recessive gene on the X chromosome. W ho did he inherit the defective allele from? Explain. Will any of his children inherit this colour blindness if he marries a normal vision girl? Explain with a Punnett square. 17. State all the events that occur during prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase of mitosis. 18. What is the overall purpose of meiosis? 19. How many cells are potentially produced in meiotic cell division from one diploid cell? 20. Answer the following regarding crossing over in meiosis? a. When does it occur? b. What kind of chromosomes are involved? c. What is the end result and why is this so significant to the overall purpose of meiosis? 21. What other important event, other than crossing over, occurs during meoisis? Explain it and its significance. 22. What is non-disjunction, and what role does it play in Down syndrome? 23. Name the four nitrogenous bases. 24. What is complementary base pairing? 25. What are the three components of a nucleotide? 26. What is Tay Sachs disease, and what treatment is available? 27. What is wrong with the people who have sickle cell anemia? 28. What is a karyotype, and what information can be learned from it? 29. What traits are probably polygenic? (multifactorial) How do you know? 30. What things can be cloned? What is the purpose of cloning? 31. What is a pedigree? 32. Explain the four changes in chromosome structure; deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation (briefly) 34. Explain DNA replication, transcription and translation in detail (location in the cell, products of each process, structure of DNA/RNA) Other practice word problems: 1. In humans, albinism (lack of skin pigment) is due to a recessive gene. Suppose that two normally pigmented parents produce an albino child. What would the genotypes of the parent have to be? Use a Punnett square and proper format to prove your answer. 2. In tomatoes, red fruit is dominant over yellow fruit. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a yellow-fruited plant, what would be the genotype and phenotype ratios of the offspring? 3. In fruit flies, sepia eye colour is recessive to the dominant red eye colour, and curved wings are recessive to the dominant straight wings. If a double heterozygous parent is crossed with a fly which is heterozygous for eye colour but has curved wings, what would be the phenotype ratios in their offspring? 4. Allan has blood type AB, and his wife Kate has blood type A. If Kate is heterozygous, what are the possible blood types in their children, and what chance do they have for each type? 5. Lisa’s father has red-green colour blindness, but Lisa has normal colour vision. Lisa’s husband Peter also has redgreen colour blindness. If this condition is caused by a recessive sex-linked gene, what are the chances of the boys, that they will be colour blind? What are the chances of the girls, that they will be colour blind? What are the chances of the girls, that they will be carriers but have normal vision? 6. Study the pedigree to the right. a. What kind of inheritance pattern does this pedigree suggest? - Could it be dominant? What would the parental genotypes ( 1 & 2) have to be? - Could it be recessive? What would the parental genotypes (1 & 2) have to be? b. If black shapes on this pedigree show individuals with blond hair (recessive to dark hair), work out the genotypes for each individual