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Transcript
The Earth Vocabulary and key points Equator - an imaginary line that marks the midpoint between the North pole and the South pole. There are 7 continents on the earth: Africa, Asia, Antarctica, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America The planet is ever moving. For example, Hawaii is moving 2in. closer to Japan every year and Australia is moving 4 in. closer to New Zealand every year. Earth has 4 layers. Crust - the top layer of rock on the earth Mantle- 2nd layer made up of melted rock called magma Outer core Inner core Rotation of the earth on its axis causes day and night Revolution of the earth around the sun causes the length of night and day to vary, the revolution of the earth also causes the 4 seasons Orbit - the path the earth follows as it revolves around the sun Equinox - occurs when the direct rays from the sun hit the equator; results in equal day and night. (March 21 and Sep. 21) Latitudes (also called parallels)- imaginary lines north and south of the equator Low latitudes (tropics)- latitudes between tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn Middle latitudes (temperate regions)- between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle and between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle High latitudes (polar regions)- north of the arctic circle and south of the antarctic circle * the lower the latitude, the more sun that area gets Longitude (also called meridians)- imaginary lines that circle the earth running through the North and South poles. Prime Meridian is the starting point for longitude and is labeled 0 longitude Map projections - trying to represent the round earth on a flat surface cylindrical projection (Mercator)- this type of projection allows for strait line navigation (important in the 1500's), but it enlarges the areas in the high latitudes Robinson map is the projection the National Geographic Society has adapted for its maps computers have allowed maps to provide a variety of information and to be done fairly quickly by cartographers Cartographers - people who make maps The Surface of the Earth Water 71% Land 29% Isthmus - a narrow strip of land connecting 2 larger pieces of land (i.e. Panama) Peninsula - a piece of land that projects out into the water and nearly surrounded by the water (i.e. Florida) Land on the earth is created by 2 forces: tectonic forces and gradational process Tectonic Forces Plate tectonics - the movement of the earth’s plates Volcanism - happens on edges of the plates; the magma from the mantle pours onto the earth’s surface - lava Folding - plates move toward each other and fold up (i.e. App. Mtns.) Faulting - plates move apart or slide under one another Gradational Processes Weathering - slowly breaks rock down mechanical - tree roots & frost chemical - alters the surface of the rocks; oxidation & carbonation Erosion - the movement of broken down rock particles by wind or water. Glaciers occurred in North America, Western Europe and Russia thousands of years ago. Deposition - the final result of erosion. The eroded materials are moved in large quantities by water, gravity, wind and ocean currents. Landforms 1. Mountains 2. Hills 3. Plateaus 4. Plains Mountains and hills are formed by volcanism, folding, and faulting. Mountains are higher in elevation and more rugged than hills. Hills tend to more populated than mountains. The great mountain ranges generally occur by plate boundaries. Plains are low-lying level areas and are sometimes heavily populated. Plateaus are level areas but have higher elevations than plains. Elevation is the height of the land above sea level. Color can be used to show different elevations and the different landforms. Topographic maps are a better way to show elevation. They use contour lines to connect point of equal elevations.