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Ecology Note Sheet Levels of organization: Atoms __________ Macromolecules Organelles _______ Tissue __________ System Organism Organization in ecosystem 1) Population – Same _________ in one area 2) Community – All the __________ in one area 3) Ecosystem – All the ____________ and abiotic factors in an area 4) Biosphere – Global ____________ . Thin layer surrounding earth that supports life 5) Biotic factors – ALL plants, animals and other _____ (bacteria etc.) in an area 6) Abiotic factors – _____________ environmental factors such as Temperature, Wind, water , Sunlight, Rocks, Soil Flow of energy in ecosystem 7) Autotrophs – Transform ____________ energy (light) into chemical energy 8) Primary productivity – The net production of stored energy produced by the _______________ in an ecosystem 9) Heterotrophs – Organisms that must obtain their energy by ________ other organisms 10)Food chain – Shows ______ energy path in an ecosystem 11)Food web – Shows all the ___________ (eating) relationships. Change in one species can effect entire ecosystem 12)Trophic levels and energy – ____________ lost at each level 13)Biomass – Total quantity of living matter in an ecosystem. Only _______ transfers from one trophic level to another Relationships in an Ecosystem 14)Niche - The role an organism fills in its community it “___________” 15)Niche is determined by – Habitat, Place in food chain, Specific food types, and __________ they eat or hunt 16)Great horned owl and red tailed hawk have different Niches - Both eat small rodents, Both live in same area BUT owls hunt at _________, hawks hunt during ______ 17)Competition exclusion – Only one specie can occupy can occupy each niche Ex. ________________ - different species at different tide levels 18)Prey = ___________ (or lower carnivore) 19)Predator = ________________ 20)Scavenger - carnivore that does not ______________ Predator/prey Adaptations 21)Predator Adaptations - Adapted to catch, lure or ______________ Examples: trap door spider, angler fish, spider web. Green pit viper Infra-red heat sensor 22)Prey adaptations: __________ – camouflage OR _________ – colorful (poisonous) OR _____________ – run/fly/climb Examples: A) Monarch Butterfly - Monarch Larva eat poison milk weed. Monarchs ___________ poison. Some Predators can adapt to monarch poison B) Poison dart frogs – advertize poison C) Camouflage examples: stick insect, flounder, leaf frog 23)Mimicry: One species __________ another to aid survival Examples: monarch mimics, coral snake mimics, caterpillar mimics coral snake Plant / herbivore interactions 24)Plant physical defenses Examples- Thorns, sticky hairs, tough leaves, 25)Plant chemical defenses Examples – poisonous – daffodils, hemlock, hot pepper capsaicin Symbiosis - organisms living together in an ecosystem 26)Parasitism - pos/neg One benefits, one is _________________ A parasite will feed on a host but does not result in immediate death Endoparasites – Live inside host. Examples: Tape worm, Bacteria, Liver fluke Exoparasites – External Examples: Ticks, Leeches, Lampreys, mosquitoes 27)Mutualism - Pos/Pos A cooperative relationship where _________ species ________ Ex. Acacia trees and fire ants. Acacia trees have thorns that secrete _______ Ants protect plant from animals that would eat plant, but they eat some nectar. 28)Pollinators – both flower and animal benefit. Examples: Insects, birds, others 29)Commensalism – (Pos/Neutral) One species _____________with little or no effect on the other Ex. ____________ follow army ants to find food Ex. Cape buffalo - The buffalo stirs up the insects and the _______ can then eat them 30)parasitism and mutualism example – Aphids/plant – Aphids are parasite Aphids/ants – mutualism. Ants protect aphids and eat their sugar secretions 31)Competition neg/neg? Only one organism will __________ Winner gets resources, food or mate