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Intro to Ecology Note Sheet
Levels of organization:
Atoms  ____________ ________________  _______________  ______________ 
______________  _____________ ________________  ________________ 
______________  ________________________________  ________________ 
 Biosphere
1) Population – Same ___________ in one _________
2) Community – All the ____________ in an ______________
3) Ecosystem – All _______________ and _______________ factors in an area
4) Biosphere – ___________ ecosystem surrounding earth
5) Biotic factors – ALL ______________, ____________ and other life
(______________ etc) in an area
6) Abiotic factors – _____________ environmental factors such as Temperature, Wind,
_____________ , Sunlight, Rocks, Soil
Flow of energy in ecosystem
7) Autotrophs – Transform ____________ energy (light) into ______________ energy
8) Primary productivity – The net production of stored ___________ produced by the
_______________ in an ecosystem
9) Heterotrophs – Organisms that must obtain their energy by ________ other organisms
10)Food chain – Shows ______, ____________ path in an ecosystem
11)Food web – Shows ___________ the
___________ relationships. Change in one
species can effect entire ecosystem
12)Trophic levels and energy – ____________ lost
at each trophic level
13)Biomass – Total quantity of living __________
In an ecosystem. Only _______ transfers from
one trophic level to another
Relationships in an Ecosystem
14)Niche - The ___________ an organism fills in its community
15)Niche is determined by – __________, Place in food chain, Specific __________ types,
__________ they eat or hunt
16)Great horned owl and red tailed hawk have different _________ - Both eat small
rodents, Both live in same area BUT owls hunt at _________, hawks hunt during ____
17)Competition exclusion – Only one specie can occupy can occupy each niche
Ex. ________________ at different tide levels
18)Prey = ___________ (or lower carnivore)
19)Predator = ________________
20)Scavenger - carnivore that does not ______________
Predator/prey Adaptations
21)Predator Adaptations - Adapted to catch, ____________, kill or hide
Examples
22)Prey adaptations: __________ – camouflage OR _________ – colorful (poisonous)
OR _____________ – run/fly/climb
Examples: _____________________ Larva eats poison milk weed
A) Monarch ___________ poison. Some Predators can adapt to monarch poison
B) Poison dart frogs
C) Camouflage examples:
23)Mimicry: One species mimics another to aid survival
Examples:
Plant / herbivore interactions
24)Plant physical defenses
Examples –
25)Plant chemical defenses
Examples –
Symbioses - organisms living together in an ecosystem
26)Parasitism - pos/neg
One _______________, one _________________
A parasite will feed on a host but does not result in immediate death
Endoparasites – Live in host.
Examples:
Exoparasites – External
Examples:
27)Mutualism - pos/pos –
a cooperative relationship where _________ species ________
Ex. Acacia trees and fire ants. Acacia trees have __________ that secrete nectar
Ants protect plant from animals that would eat plant, but they eat some _______
28)Pollinators – both benefit. Examples :
29)Commensalism – (pos/neutral) ________ one species with little or __________on
the other
Ex. ____________ follow army ants to find food
Ex. Cape buffalo - The ________ stirs up the insects and the _______ can then feed on
them
30)parasitism and mutualism example –
Aphids/plant – parasite
Aphids/ants - mutualism.
Ants protect them and eat their sugar secretions
31)Competition neg/neg? Only one organism will win
32)Competition exclusion – One Species is ______________ from a community because
of limited resources. Two species can not occupy same ___________