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Unit 4 (2nd unit covered) Sustainability of Ecosystems Pg. 272 - 361 Chapter 7 Factors that Affect Sustainability 7.1 – Components of Sustainable Ecosystems 7.2 – Populations and Sustainability 7.3 – How Human Activities Can Affect Sustainability Chapter 8 Shifting Perspective on Ecosystems 8.1 How Our Understanding of Ecosystems Has Changed 8.2 The Shift Is On – Attitude, Actions, and Empowerment Pg. 274 – 277 “What you should recall about…” Assignment #1-24 HAND IN THURSDAY Chapter 7 Factors that Affect Sustainability Pg. 278 - 313 7 Billion and ‘A Cosmic Calendar’ – Pg 278 7.1 – Components of Sustainable Ecosystems Pg 280 - 287 Tuesday Oct 23rd, 2012 Ecosystems can be large or small Comes from Greek for HOMEsystems Ecosystem: All the interacting parts of a biological community and its environment. Sustainable Ecosystem: An ecosystem that is capable of withstanding pressure and giving support to a variety of organisms Sustainable: To support and endure (continue is same state) Many organisms depend on more than one sustainable ecosystem to survive Migrating birds or eels Biotic (living) and Abiotic (nonliving) parts Biotic interact through (pg. 282): Symbiosis – both benefit Predation – One eats other Competition – 2 or more compete for same food source; Competing take energy away from their lives. Abiotic Characteristics (pg 283) Water, Oxygen, Light, Nutrients, Soil Deciduous Forests – Eastern Can and US, West Europe, East Asia; Similar abiotic and biotic characteristics Temperate Deciduous Forests – even 75cm to 180cm or precipitation, 4 seasons with temps -30C to 30C. Pg. 284-285 Break down of interactions between abiotic and biotic factors and threats to sustainability. Pg. 287 # 1-19 but NOT 12 or 14 or 16 NEEDS TO BE CHECKED OFF Pg. 285 Similar Ecosystems Around the World 1 day research Project {NOT DONE } Science Watch Pg. 286 Dust on the Move Questions 1 – 3 {NOT DONE } 7.2 – Populations and Sustainability Pg 288 – 296 Thursday Oct 25th, 2012 A population is a group of organisms of one species that lives in the same place, at the same time, and can successfully reproduce. Exponential Growth: Accelerating growth Ex. Organism first comes to a new habitat or as a pressure on population is removed Not sustainable Limiting Factors limit growth, distribution or amount of population in an ecosystem Density-independent factors Usually abiotic: Natural phenomena, weather, fires, and pollution Density-dependent factors Usually biotic: disease, parasites, predation, and competition CHECK YOU UNERSTANDING QUESTIONS PG. 290 Carrying Capacity: the size of a population that can be supported indefinitely by available resources and services of an ecosystem Balance between pop. and limiting factors Directly counted or estimated Abiotic interactions also limit populations. Symbiosis, Predation and Competition and limiting factors restrict pops. to particular places, roles, and sizes in the ecosystem they occupy. Ecological Niche: The way an organism occupies a position in an ecosystem, including all the necessary biotic and abiotic factors. Providing services to their ecosystem No two species can occupy the exact same ecological niche or provide the exact same services to their ecosystem. The fact that most organisms are limited to particular ecosystems niches is partly why different species are only found in specific types of ecosystems in specific parts of the world. Human’s brains allowed us to move out of our narrow niche but now require sustainable use (no long term depletion of a resource or affect the diversity of the ecosystem from which the resource is obtained) of resources to stay in our broad niche. Early humans were regulated by carrying capacity. Now on exceptional growth (pg 294). Current doubling time of 60 years. CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING PG. 295 Ecological Footprint: is a measure of the impact of a human individual or pop. on the environment. Based on energy consumption, land use, waste production. Unsustainable – decline in the function of an ecosystem. Sustainability – use of resources (land, water) forever Carrying Capacity of Humans: 12 billion? Carrying biomes with us to multiple niches? Exceed carrying capacity for ever? 7-2B Supporting a Country’s Ecological Footprint Pg 296– WEEKEND HOMEWORK – Hand in Monday 7-2A: Graphing Population Change Pg 291 – Monday in class to be handed in Pg. 301 # 1- 7, 9 - 15 Monday/Tuesday in class to be Checked Science Watch Pg. 300 # 1 {NOT DONE } 7.3 – How Human Activities Can Affect Sustainability Pg. 302-308 October 31, 2012 Earth’s Systems: Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere All matter and energy recycled Nutrient Cycles: Nitrogen (part of fertilizers) Excess nitrogen (or phosphorus) causes algae blooms – eutrophication – deposits in ecosystems cause an overgrowth of algae (primary producers). Upsets balance Pg 303 Algae blocks light and plants that die, algae die, decomposers use oxygen, fish die ELA Experimental Lakes Area CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING PG 303 # 8 – 11 Greenhouse gases are gases that prevent heat from leaving the atmosphere: Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane. Natural insulating called greenhouse effect. Fossil Fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas): Carbon based and have been trapped out of the biospheres cycling system for millions of years. Humans have released millions of year old carbon dioxides in the last 100s of years: Since mid 1700s industrial revolution. Increased greenhouse gases - increased average earth temperature. Affects sustainability of ecosystems. Pg. 305 Effects of an Imbalance of Carbon cycle READ Reducing Carbon Dioxide : Kyoto Protocol – Carbon Sinks with forests – Recycling Trophic Level is a category of organisms defined by how they get energy: Primary producers, primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores), tertiary consumers (top carnivores). Biomass is the total mass of living organisms in a defined group or area. All energy comes from the sun directly or indirectly. Trophic efficiencies (amount of energy passed up to higher trophic levels) are around 10 percent or less. Energy used in life functions, wasted and heat loss. Bioaccumulation: Materials or toxins are ingested at a rate greater than they are eliminated. Biomagnification: The increase in the concentration of a toxin as it moves from one trophic level to the next. Greatest health problems at top. DDTs and PCBs. CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING PG 308 # 12 – 15 Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are connected through surface runoff. Pg 311 # 1 - 12, 14 – 16 HOME WORK TO START Science Watch Pg 309 # 1-3 {NOT DONE} “Biotic and Abiotic Factors that Affect Ecosystems Assignment” to be completed in a group of 2 and passed in. Wolf pack game LAB Chapter 7 Review Pg 312 – 312 # 1-28 {Do not need to be done, but read to prepare for Quiz} Chapter 7 Quiz {NOT DONE} Chapter 8 Shifting Perspectives on Ecosystems Nov 7-8th 8.1 How Our Understanding of Ecosystems Has Changed Early attitudes that earth resources endless and we couldn’t affect ecosystems. Ecosystems Services: The benefits sustainable ecosystems provide that are experienced by living organisms, including humans. Pg 316 Forests should not just be valued in dollars for cutting them down: influence climate, carbon sinks, reducing erosion and benefit watersheds, and habitat. Watershed: an area of land over which the run-off drains into a body of water. Pg. 318 #1-4 Do together Wetlands: land covered by water for part or all of the year. 6% of earth surface (24% of which in Canada). Benefits: Store water, flood and erosion control, habitat, protection, migration, filtering. NS wetlands provide $8billion/year to its residents. Pg 319 Self Pollination vs. Cross pollination (a service) provided by insects and birds. For example Honey Bee Bee and Colony collapse disorder due to parasites (feed of them or suffocates them), pesticides (affect direction) and beekeeping practices (transportation, temp, vibrations) Pg. 322 # 5-7 Do together Ecotourism. Connectivity is the collection of links and relationships between ecosystems that are separated geographically. Migration. Insect eating bird (aerial insectivores) population declined since 1980: Habitat destruction or insecticide use in tropics. Sun grown coffee vs. shade grown coffee: Sustainability, clear cutting, pesticides, fertilizers and Canadian birds. Disrupting connectivity: Salmon and species diversity, carry capacity and biodiversity in the forest. Pg 324. Biodiversity: The number and variety of life forms found within a specific region, as well as all the number and variety of ecosystems within and beyond that region. What happens in one eco system affects others. Resilience because of biodiversity. More species, more efficient ecosystem, less invasive species and less disease. Pg 326 Deforestation – clear cutting without replanting. This affects carbon levels, weather, birds, habitats … Draining Wetland for land, mosquito control, water use. This affects water filtration, habitat and fisheries… Pg 327 Check You Understanding #8 – 11 Alien Species: a species that was accidentally or deliberately introduced into a new location. Many are harmless or beneficial. Invasive Species: a species that can take over the habitat of native species. Upset the equilibrium of an ecosystem. Pg 329 READ. Ballast water. Over exploitation: The use or extraction of a resource until it is depleted. Pg. 335 # 1-13, 15 Complete and have Mr. Hirtle Check for Tuesday!! 8.2 The Shift is on – Attitude, Actions, and Empowerment Pg 336 - 346 Nov. 13/14 Paradigm: A view of the world or a way of thinking about how the world works. A shift is a significant change. 1600s Geocentric Model vs. current Heliocentric 1850s spontaneous generation took 200 years to shift 1900s Continental Drift and Pangaea 1910 to 1960 1960s seeing earth from space, all is connected Currently shift w.r.t. sustainability of ecosystems and the use of resources on earth. Proof examples Pg. 339 and : Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Public Transportation Alternative sources of enerfy Reducing invasive species Education citizens about environmental issuses Government, Fed/Prov/Minicipal, regulations/laws/acts Smart growth Dark sky preserve Check your Understanding Pg. 340 # 15 – 18 Pesticides and By-Laws – stops the use of cosmetics pesticides (like DDTs) that can bioaccumulate. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement – as a result of the ELA a phosphorus control program. Environmental Farm Plans – impact of farms, nutrient/soil/irrigation/wildlife/pesticide management, Highway and outdoor lights switch. Idle Free Zone BPA (Bisphenol A) baned in 2008 Check your Understanding Pg. 343 # 19 – 20 Individual Empowerment – Be the change Consumers, Volunteer, Advocacy Groups, Citizen and Voter, Citizen Scientist. Self Education Fair Trade Products are based on transparency in business and sustainable development Product’s Life Cycle: All aspects involved in making, distribution, selling, using, and disposing of the product. Pg. 345 Be aware of the consequences of YOUR actions and activities Pg 349 # 1-10, 14 TO be Checked of by Mr. Hirtle Wed. Nov 14th THINK ABOUT # 11, 12, 13 Owl Pellet Lab Thursday November 15th Invasive Species Project Friday Nov. 16th and Monday Nov. 19th UNIT REVIEW Pg 356 – 361 # 1 – 40 TO CONSIDER for the test. Mindshift Tuesday November 20th TEST Wednesday November 21st PHYSICS Thursday November 22nd