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Team Letter Code: __________ School Name:__________________________________________________ Student Names: ________________________________________________ Ecology – Division C Fayetteville-Manlius High School Invitational December 17th, 2016 Each correct answer is worth one point for a total of 125 points. There are four tiebreaker questions at the end of this examination, write your answers in the test booklet, in the event two teams tie and don’t answer the tie breaker questions you will be place in last place. Place the answer to questions 1-100 on the Scantron sheet B. 1. A change in the acidity of mountain lakes would most likely be a result of a. b. c. d. ecological succession of the area at the top of the mountain the introduction for new species into the lakes air pollution from smoke stacks miles away plating grasses and shrubs around the lakes 2. Which sequence shows a correct pathway for the flow of energy in a food chain? a. b. c. d. algae snake duck deer fungi beetle algae mouse grass grasshopper frog snake bacteria grass fox owl 3. What is a relationship in which two organisms both benefit from their association? a. b. c. d. e. Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Competition 4. Interrelated groups of food chains are known as a a. b. c. d. e. niche food web population habitat none of these 5. How is an ecosystem organized, from least to most comprehensive? a. b. c. d. e. Individual, community, population, biome Individual, population, community, biome Individual, population, niche, community Individual, niche, community, population Individual, population, biome, niche 6. Which of the following releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? a. b. c. d. e. Animal consumption of producers Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Bacterial decay None of the above 7. When needed resources are unevenly distributed, organisms often show a a. b. c. d. e. density-dependent dispersion pattern. clumped dispersion pattern. exponential dispersion pattern. random dispersion pattern. uniform dispersion pattern. 8. Graylag geese learn to follow their mothers. This is an example of a. b. c. d. e. habituation. operant conditioning. altruism. imprinting. agonistic behavior. 9. One important component of the carbon cycle is a. b. c. d. e. molecular oxygen molecular ATP ammonia water molecular carbon dioxide 10. The three principal steps in the nitrogen cycle are a. b. c. d. e. ammonification, nitrification, and ecological succession ammonification, assimilation, and phosphorylation ammonification, nitrification, and assimilation phosphorylation, hydration, and assimilation respiration, decaryboxylation, and quantification 11. Primary producers on earth are a. b. c. d. e. omnivores photosynthesizers parasites carnivores herbivores 12. The basic pattern of an interaction between two species in which one benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed is called a. b. c. d. e. commensalism parasitism mutualism ammensalism neutralism 13. Which organisms are correctly paired with their nutritional roles? a. b. c. d. hawk—decomposer; insect-eating bird—parasite mouse—autotroph; flower seed—heterotroph mountain lion—predator; bark beetle—herbivore grasshopper—carnivore; grass—autotroph 14. The size of plant populations can be influenced by the a. b. c. d. molecular structure of available oxygen size of the cells of decomposers number of chemical bonds in a glucose molecule type of minerals present in the soil 15. One reason why people should be aware of the impact of their actions on the environment is that a. b. c. d. ecosystems are never able to recover once they have been adversely affected the depletion of finite resources cannot be reversed there is a decreased need for new technology there is a decreased need for substances produced by natural processes 16. Competition between two species occurs when a. b. c. d. mold grows on a tree that has fallen in the forest chipmunks and squirrels eat sunflower seeds in a garden a crow feeds on the remains of a rabbit killed on the road a lion stalks, kills, and eats an antelope 17. If several species of carnivores are removed from an ecosystem, the most likely effect on the ecosystem will be a. b. c. d. an increase in the kinds of autotrophs a decrease in the number of abiotic factors a decrease in stability among populations an increase in the rate of succession 18. If an ecosystem is changed through a natural disaster, organisms will have the best chance of survival if a. b. c. d. their environment has few abiotic factors the organisms are large the population size is small their species exhibits genetic variation 19. Organisms that are able to manufacture organic nutrients from substances in the abiotic environment are classified as a. b. c. d. heterotrophs fungi predators autotrophs 20. Which factor would have the greatest effect on the flow of energy into an ecosystem a. b. c. d. a large decrease in the amount of sunlight available a large increase in the number of carnivores a small increase in the number of decomposers a small decrease in the amount of minerals available 21. What will most likely occur if two different plant species compete for the same requirements in an ecosystem? a. b. c. d. They will usually develop different requirements. One species may adapt to a different environment. One species may be eliminated from that ecosystem. They will alter the environment so that they can both survive in that ecosystem. 22. The relationship that exists when athlete’s foot fungus grows on a human is an example of a. b. c. d. predator/prey producer/consumer parasite/host decomposer/autotroph 23. A stable ecosystem would not contain a. b. c. d. materials being cycled consumers without producers decomposers a constant source of energy 24. Abiotic factors that could affect the stability of an ecosystem could include a. b. c. d. hurricanes, packs of wolves, and temperature blizzards, heat waves, and swarms of grasshoppers droughts, floods, and heat waves species of fish, number of decomposers, and supply of algae 25. One season, there was a shortage of producers in a food web. As a result, the number of deer and wolves decreased. The reason that both the deer and wolf populations declined is that a. b. c. d. producers are not as important as consumers in a food web more consumers than producers are needed to support the food web organisms in this food web are interdependent populations tend to stay constant in a food web 26. The size of a frog population in a pond remains fairly constant over a period of several years because of a. b. c. d. decreasing competition environmental carrying capacity excessive dissolved oxygen the depth of water A food chain is represented below. Grass 27. This food chain contains a. b. c. d. 4 consumers and no producers 1 predator, 1 parasite, and 2 producers 2 carnivores and 2 herbivores 2 predators, 1 herbivore, and 1 producer 28. Which factor has the greatest influence on the type of ecosystem that will form in a particular geographic area? a. b. c. d. genetic variations in the animals climate conditions number of carnivores percentage of nitrogen gas in the atmosphere 29. Rabbits are herbivores that are not native to Australia. Their numbers have increased steadily since being introduced into Australia by European settlers. One likely reason the rabbit population was able to grow so large is that the rabbits a. b. c. d. were able to prey on native herbivores reproduced more slowly than the native animals successfully competed with native herbivores for food could interbreed with the native animals 30. Why is a mushroom considered a heterotroph? a. b. c. d. It manufactures its own food. It divides by mitosis. It transforms light energy into chemical energy. It obtains nutrients from its environment. 31. Global warming has been linked to a decrease in the a. b. c. d. size of the polar ice caps temperature of Earth rate of species extinction rate of carbon dioxide production 32. A manatee is a water-dwelling herbivore on the list of endangered species. If manatees were to become extinct, what would be the most likely result in the areas where they had lived? a. b. c. d. The biodiversity of these areas would not be affected. Certain producer organisms would become more abundant in these areas. Other manatees would move into these areas and restore the population. Predators in these areas would occupy higher levels on the energy pyramid. 33. A serious threat to biodiversity is a. b. c. d. habitat destruction maintenance of food chains competition within a species predator prey cycles 34. Which action will result in the greatest decrease in rain forest stability? a. removing one species of plant for medicine b. harvesting nuts from some trees c. cutting down all the trees for lumber d. powering all homes with wind energy 35. Decomposers are necessary in an ecosystem because they a. b. c. d. produce food for plants by the process of photosynthesis provide energy for plants by the process of decay can rapidly reproduce and evolve make inorganic materials available to plants 36. An ecosystem that has almost the same number and type of organisms for many years is exhibiting a. b. c. d. feedback global instability environmental change stability/equilibrium 37. A stable ecosystem is characterized by having a. b. c. d. predators that outnumber their prey a continual input of energy limited autotrophic nutrition no competition between species 38. Which pair of organisms would most likely compete for the same ecological niche? a. b. c. d. bacteria and fungi deer and wolf tree and fungi deer and bacteria 39. Rabbits introduced into Australia over one hundred years ago have become a serious pest. Rabbit populations have increased so much that they have displaced many native species of herbivores. Which statement best explains the reason for their increased numbers? a. b. c. d. Rabbits have a high metabolic rate. There are few native predators of rabbits. Additional rabbit species have been introduced. There is an increase in rabbit competitors. 40. Which human activity would preserve finite resources? a. b. c. d. deforestation removing carnivores from a forest recycling aluminum heating homes with fossil fuels 41. Abandoned railroad tracks are overgrown with weeds. Ten years later there are small aspen trees growing in the middle of the tracks. This change is an example of a. b. c. d. ecological succession biological evolution genetic variation heterotrophic nutrition 42. Abiotic factors that characterize a forest ecosystem include a. b. c. d. light and biodiversity temperature and amount of available water types of producers and decomposers pH and number of heterotrophs 43. The biodegradation of materials by aerobic microorganisms resulting in the production of carbon dioxide, water, and other mineral products is termed ______. a. b. c. d. e. Aerobic Decomposition Biodegration Cellular respiration Hydrologic cycle None of the above 44. Lichen is an example of: a. b. c. d. e. ammensalism mutualism parasitism commensalism none of the above 45. Winds in the tundra often reach speeds of ____ mph. a. b. c. d. e. 50-70 30-60 10-40 5-20 None of the above 46. All of the following are density-dependent limiting factors except: a. b. c. d. e. disease food supplies droughts waste products None of the above 47. All the biotic and abiotic resources used by an organism are known as its: a. b. c. d. e. habitat niche resource usage carbon footprint none of the above 48. Radiation is a ____ factor. a. b. c. d. e. biotic intramural physical leaching None of the above 49. The most fundamental unit of ecology is the: a. b. c. d. e. population organism community ecosystem None of the above 50. The entire life containing area of the planet is the: a. b. c. d. e. biosphere ecosystem biome hydrosphere none of the above 51. In what type of population growth does the population grow as if there are no limiting factors: a. b. c. d. e. exponential logistic uncontrolled controlled none of the above 52. Non-living particulate organic material is called _____. a. b. c. d. e. Abiotic factors Detritus Top soil Nitrobacter None of the above 53. The greenhouse effect is: a. b. c. d. e. the result of excess CO2 in the Earth’s atmosphere a natural phenomena that maintains Earth’s temperature range the result of the difference in the angles of the sun’s rays an unnatural phenomenon that causes heat energy to be radiated back into the atmosphere none of the above 54. Why are fires beneficial to the Taiga? a. b. c. d. e. They remove invasive grasses They allow seeds that only open at certain temperatures to spread Allows for primary succession to occur Fire kills off the older trees allows the younger ones to grow up in place of the old ones. none of the above 55. Biotic potential is: a. the maximum number of individuals that a population can sustain in a given environment b. the maximum birth rate of a population given unlimited resources, space, and lack of competition and predators c. the maximum death rate of a population given unlimited resources, space, and lack of competition and predators d. the maximum growth rate of a population given unlimited resources, space, and lack of competition and predators e. None of the above 56. What type of succession takes place on an area that once had stable life, but was disturbed: a. b. c. d. e. primary succession bare-rock succession pond succession secondary succession none of the above 57. The cumulative weight of all members of a given trophic level is represented by: a. b. c. d. e. biomass pyramid pyramid of numbers trophic pyramid food chain none of the above 58. Photosynthesis and respiration belong to which cycle: a. b. c. d. e. Water Cycle Phosphorous Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle None of the above 59. Type of Pyramid that compares the number of individuals in each trophic level. a. b. c. d. e. Number Biomass Energy Ecological None of the above 60. Type of pyramid that is a graph which represents trophic level numbers in an ecosystem. a. b. c. d. e. Number Biomass Energy Ecological None of the above 61. Why is there very little diversity in the taiga? a. b. c. d. e. Trees use all of the nutrients in the soil an introduced species has destroyed the biodiversity the ground is in a state of permafrost most plants can’t survive the harsh conditions none of the above 62. The top layer of soil in a deciduous forest that contains decaying plant and animal matter is called: a. b. c. d. e. topsoil litter subsoil bedrock none of the above 63. A species that gives an early warning that an ecosystem is in a state of flux, often times fish and amphibians or apex predators a. Indicator species b. Limiting factor c. Sustainability d. Secondary succession 64. The age distribution for a population of an r-selected organism would be... a. b. c. d. Pyramidal Rectangular An inverse pyramid Bimodal 65. Attempts by two or more organisms of a single species to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem is best described as: a. b. c. d. Intraspecific Competition Interspecific Competition Species specific Competition All of the above 66. Which of the following is the largest single factor in species loss? a. b. c. d. chemical pollution thermal pollution habitat loss introduced species 67. The term heterotroph is used to define an organism that a. b. c. d. eats only plants may eat plants or animals eats only animals makes its own food 68. Which of the following shows the correct order of biological organization from smallest to largest? a. b. c. d. biome, population, ecosystem, individual, cell, organ system cell, organ system, organism, population, ecosystem, biome cell, organ system, ecosystem, individual, biome, organism ecosystem, cell, individual, population, organ system, biome 69. Which trophic level has the largest biomass? a. b. c. d. plants carnivore herbivore decomposer 70. This biome sustains the highest levels of biomass in any terrestrial ecosystem, and is notable for trees of massive proportions. a. b. c. d. Temperate deciduous forest Temperate coniferous forest Tropical rain forest None of the above 71. Which of the following best defines an ecosystem? a. b. c. d. a group of organisms that can interbreed smaller organisms that get eaten by larger organisms the feeding level of an organism in a food chain all of the interactions between living things and their environment 72. Prey may avoid predation through a. b. c. d. e. being too big to consume. being too small to consume. defending themselves in groups. the benefits of spatial heterogeneity. all of the above. 73. What is an acidic soil type common in the Arctic and boreal areas. a. b. c. d. Humus Muskeg Aluvial Soil Laterite soil 74. Species introduced by humans to new geographic locations __________ a. b. c. d. e. can outcompete and displace native species for biotic and abiotic resources. increase the diversity and therefore the stability of the ecosystem. are usually successful in colonizing the area. always spread because they encounter none of their natural predators. are always considered pests by ecologists. 75. All of the following are migratory birds of the tundra except: a. b. c. d. e. Ravens Snow Buntings Falcons Sandpipers None of the above 76. About how much energy is lost between each trophic level? a. b. c. d. 10% 50% 90% 99% 77. A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? I. inhabiting the same general area II. belonging to the same species III. possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion a. b. c. d. e. I only III only I and II only II and III only I, II, and III 78. Species that reproduce early in their life span and produce large numbers of usually small and short-lived offspring in a short period. a. R-selected species b. Limiting factor c. Intraspecific competition d. Gross primary productivity 79. Which is not a cause of deforestation? a. b. c. d. Conversion of forests to agricultural land Unregulated commercial logging Unintentional forest fires Cutting down forests for recreational use 80. Which is not a characteristic of the tundra biome? a. b. c. d. Layer of permafrost Cold temperatures Low biodiversity Long growing seasons 81. In the nitrogen cycle, the transformation of gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen containing compounds is performed primarily by... a. b. c. d. Fungi Bacteria Herbivores Carnivores 82. A J shaped growth curve represents which type or growth: a. b. c. d. e. Exponential Logistic Uncontrolled Controlled None of the above 83. Coevolution is most often seen in which of the following interactions: a. b. c. d. Predation Parasitism Competition Mutualism 84. The development of biotic communities in an area where the natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but where soil is present is best described as: a. b. c. d. Primary Succession Secondary Succession Biological Succession None of the above 85. An example of a R-selected species is: a. b. c. d. Insects Humans Polar Bears B and C only 86. The difference between geometric and exponential growth is: a. Exponential growth describes conditions where resources are unlimited, whereas geometric growth describes populations that reach carrying capacity (K) b. Geometric growth models populations with discrete reproduction (individuals reproduce at the same time), whereas exponential growth models populations with continuous reproduction c. Geometric growth is commonly observed in lab studies for organisms such as bacteria and exponential growth is commonly observed in nature for organisms such as Dall sheep d. No difference. In other words, geometric growth and exponential growth are two different terms for the same population growth behavior e. Answers A & B 87. Each of the following statements is true of carrying capacity except: a. b. c. d. e. territoriality or competition for space can lower carrying capacity carrying capacity varies over time because resource levels vary carrying capacity is defined as the maximum number of individual a habitat can sustain r-selected species tend to maintain stable population levels close to carrying capacity None of the above 88. In the tundra, permafrost extends up to how much below the surface? a. b. c. d. e. 10 Meters 90 Meters 210 Meters 330 Meters 450 Meters 89. Top predators significantly affect populations of lower trophic levels, including herbivores and plants. The term for this phenomenon is: a. b. c. d. e. Dynamic biomass forcing Community shock Ecological efficiency Trophic cascade None of the above 90. An ecological niche includes all of the following except: a. b. c. d. e. How much water the species needs How much sunlight the species needs How much space the species needs Temperatures the species can tolerate The place where the species lives 91. An ecosystem can survive without: a. b. c. d. e. Producers Consumers Decomposers Autotrophs Detritivores 92. The term ‘ecology’ was first coined by ___________. a. b. c. d. e. Charles Darwin Ernst Haeckel Antoni Leeuwenhoek Richard Bradley Thomas Malthus 93. A community in which barn owls and snakes consume only mice is being observed. If the number of snakes increases, which of the following is most likely to happen first? a. b. c. d. The barn owl population will increase. The mouse population will decrease. The barn owl population will decrease. The mouse population will remain the same. 94. Deer share the open plains with other grazing animals and predators. Which of the following would lead to a decrease in the deer population? a. b. c. d. a reduction in the predator population an increase in the number of other grazing animals a reduction in the grazing animal population an increase in restrictions on the hunting of deer 95. The basic pattern of an interaction between two species in which one benefits while the other is harmed is called a. b. c. d. e. commensalism parasitism mutualism ammensalism neutralism 96. The basic pattern of an interaction between two species in which both species benefits is called a. b. c. d. e. commensalism parasitism mutualism ammensalism neutralism 97. The basic pattern of an interaction between two species in which one species is harmed and the other not affected is called a. b. c. d. e. commensalism parasitism mutualism ammensalism neutralism 98. The wetland plant purple loosestrife was imported to North America from Europe. Since its introduction, the loosestrife has spread, which has resulted in a dramatic decline in the biological diversity of native wetland plants. A likely reason for the spread of the purple loosestrife is that it can a. b. c. d. successfully compete with native herbivores for food serve as an excellent food source for native herbivores successfully compete with native plants for space prevent the migration of native plants 99. Deer ticks are responsible for spreading Lyme disease. This organism, which feeds on the blood of warm-blooded organisms like mice, deer, and humans, is best described as a a. b. c. d. 100. predator scavenger parasite host Which type of organism helps to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide? a. b. c. d. carnivores decomposers producers herbivores Place the answer to questions 101-125 on the Scantron sheet C. 101. Demography is the scientific study of? a. b. c. d. 102. For most populations that are growing, as resources start to become less available, the population a. b. c. d. 103. the number that live in an area the births per unit area the areas inhabited by a population the deaths per unit area The goals of biodiversity conservation include all of the following EXCEPT a. b. c. d. 107. immigration and emigration increased death rate and immigration decreased birthrate and emigration emigration and increased birthrate What does the range of a population tell you that density does not? a. b. c. d. 106. a logistic growth curve. a normal curve. an exponential growth curve. a population curve. Which are two ways a population can decrease in size? a. b. c. d. 105. declines rapidly. reaches carrying capacity. increases more rapidly. enters a phase of exponential growth. The various growth phases through which most populations go are represented on a. b. c. d. 104. parasitism and disease. human populations. modernized countries. none of the above protecting individual species. introducing exotic species into new environments. preserving habitats and ecosystems. making sure local people benefit from conservation efforts. Several species of warblers can live in the same spruce tree ONLY because they a. b. c. d. have different habitats within the tree. don’t eat food from the tree. occupy different niches within the tree. can find different temperatures within the tree. 108. The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called the a. b. c. d. 109. Compared to land, the open oceans a. b. c. d. 110. organic mass. energy mass. trophic mass. biomass. have less zooplankton. are nutrient-poor environments. contain unlimited nitrogen. are rich in silica and iron. The diagram below represents different stages of an ecosystem over a period of time. Which stage of the ecosystem has the greatest long-term stability? a. b. c. d. 111. The nitrogen cycle differs substantially from the calcium cycle in that a. b. c. d. 112. The grass stage. The shrub stage. The pine forest stage. The hardwood forest stage. trees require calcium to a greater degree nitrogen is fixed from atmospheric sources via a symbiosis calcium is substantially influenced by the activity of leguminous plants none of these In which location would you expect to find the highest productivity ecosystem? a. b. c. d. wet, temperate, forest tundra desert boreal forest 113. Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? a. Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. b. The density of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. c. Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species. d. Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. e. Evolution tends to increase competition between related species. Base your answers to questions 114 through 116 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a food web in an ecosystem. 114. If the population of hawks in this area increases, their prey populations might decrease. Later, with fewer prey, the hawk population might decrease. The prey populations might then increase. This is an example of a. b. c. d. 115. Missing from the diagram of this ecosystem are the a. b. c. d. 116. an ecosystem that is completely out of balance how ecosystems maintain stability over time interaction between biotic and abiotic factors within an ecosystem ecological succession in an ecosystem biotic factors and decomposers abiotic factors and decomposers autotrophs, only heterotrophs, only Which row in the chart below best identifies the relationship between the mice and the wheat? Row a. b. c. d. Role of Mice Producer Preadator Host Consumer Role of Wheat Consumer Host Predator producer 117. Using the graph below, which term best identifies line B in the graph? a. b. c. d. 118. niche of the species in the environment carrying capacity of the environment biodiversity in the environment number of populations in the environment A study was done on three different fish species living in a pond. The influence of temperature on the growth rates of the fish populations is shown in the graph below. In this pond where these fish live, temperature is a a. b. c. d. 119. limiting factor hereditary factor source of ATP source of solar energy What is the primary source of energy for all the organisms in the ecosystem represented below? a. b. c. d. photosynthesis in the producers respiration in the heterotrophs light energy from the Sun minerals from the rocks 120. The chart below shows three ecological terms used to describe levels of organization on Earth. Which diagram best represents the relationship of these ecological terms? (a) 121. (b) (b) (c) (d) Which statement represents a characteristic of an ecosystem that is not likely to sustain itself? a. b. c. d. 123. (d) Which graph best shows the relationship between the amount of biodiversity and the number of different populations in an ecosystem? (a) 122. (c) The Sun provides the needed energy. Energy is transferred from plants to animals. There are more consumers than producers. There are interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. Wolves in Yellowstone park were killed or driven off by humans in the 1920s and 1930s. In the winter of 1995, humans released 17 wolves from Canada into the park. A year later, 14 more wolves were released. The food chain below involves organisms in Yellowstone National Park. Grasses → Elk → Wolves One possible reason that the wolves were released into the park was to a. b. c. d. eliminate unwanted autotrophs provide food for small predators reduce an overpopulation of elk increase the number of herbivores 124. After the wolves were released, the populations of some scavengers increased. This was most likely due to a. b. c. d. 125. a reduction in predator populations an increase in the number of dead elk a decrease in the number of grasses an increase in water supplies Which consequence could most likely be associated with a decrease in biodiversity in an area? a. b. c. d. More species would be better able to survive a major environmental change. The ecosystems in the area would become more stable. The amount of genetic information in the species of the area would increase. Some sources of future foods or medications would be lost. Tiebreaker questions: 1. Define the word Altruism. 2. Define a keystone species. 3. What is obligate mutualism? 4. What are the four abiotic theories?