Download Plant Kingdom

Plant Kingdom
Page 250
List the characteristics of plants: (pg. 250)
a) autotrophs
b) eukaryotes
c) have cell wall
Most plants live on land. Identify how they have had to adapt to living on land.
(pg. 251)
They must have ways to obtain water and other nutrients, retain water,
transport materials, support their bodies, and reproduce.
What are the two major classifications of plants? (pg. 253)
vascular plants—grow tall, have thick cell wall, contain vascular tissue and
live in dry areas
nonvascular plants—short, have thin cell wall, do NOT contain vascular
tissue, and live in damp places
Describe the complex life cycle of plants. (pg. 254-255)
Complex life cycle contains two stages—sporophyte stage and the
gametophyte stage.
In the sporophyte stage the plant produces spores, tiny cells that can grow
into new organisms. A spore develops into the plant’s other stage, called the
gametophyte. In the gametophyte stage, the plant produces two kinds of sex
cells: sperm cells and egg cells. The sperm cell and egg cell join to form a
zygote. The zygote then develops into a sporophyte. The sporophyte
produces spores, which develop into the gametophyte. Then the
gametophyte produces sperm and egg cells, and the cycle starts all over
again. The sporophyte of a plant usually looks different from the
gametophyte.
How do seedless vascular plants reproduce? (pg. 258)
These plants reproduce by producing spores instead of seeds.
Fronds? (pg. 259)
Fronds (like fern’s leaves) are in the sporophyte stage. Spores develop in tiny
spore cases. Wind and water can carry the spores great distances. If the spore
lands in a moist area it can develop into a gametophyte.
Characteristics of Seed Plants
Page 262
What are two important characteristics of seed plants? (pg. 262)
a) They contain vascular tissue.
b) They use pollen and seeds to reproduce.
How do you use seed plants? (pg. 262)
a) eat seed plants—rice, peas, squash
b) wear clothes made from seed plants—cotton and flax
c) live in homes built from seed plants—oak, pine, maple
d) seed plants produce oxygen
What are the two types of vascular tissue and what is their function? (pg. 263)
a) phloem—food moves from leaves and goes to other parts of the plant
through the phloem
b) xylem—water and minerals move from root’s xylem upward into stems and
leaves
What is the function of pollen and seeds? (pg. 263)
a) pollen—structures that contain cells that later become sperm cells
b) seed—develops after sperm cells fertilize eggs; seed contains young plant
inside a protective covering which keeps the seed from drying out
How do seeds become new plants? (pg. 264)
If a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out
of the seed and begins to grow.
See page. 264—Read about seed structure and review seed structure pictures
(figure 10)
How are seeds dispersed or spread? (pg. 265)
a) Animals eat fruits and seeds pass through their digestive system and are
deposited in various places.
b) Animals and other organism pick up seeds and carry them to different
places.
c) Water and wind can carry seeds to different locations.
d) Some plants eject their seeds in a manner than forcefully scatters them out
in different directions.
What is germination?(pg. 266)
Germination begins when the seed absorbs water from the environment. Then
the embryo uses its stored food to begin to grow. The embryo’s roots first grow
downward; then the stems and leaves grow upward.
What is the purpose of roots? (pg. 266)
a) anchor the plant in the ground
b) absorb water and minerals from the soil
c) sometimes they store food
Name and explain the 2 types of roots? (pg. 266)
a) fibrous root—many similarly sized roots that form a dense, tangled mass;
lawn grass, onions, and corn have fibrous roots
b) taproot—one long, thick main root with many smaller roots branching off the
main root; carrots, dandelions, and cacti have taproots
What is the purpose of the root cap? (pg. 267)
The root cap protects the root from injury from rocks as the root grows through
the soil.
root hairs? (pg. 267)increase surface area of root system
by entering tiny spaces between soil particles in order to absorb more water
and minerals
What is the function of stems? (pg. 268)
a) carries substances between the plant’s roots and leaves
b) provides support for the plant
c) holds up leaves so they are exposed to the sun
d) some even store food
Compare and contrast herbaceous and wood stems. (pg. 268)
Types of Stems
Similarities
Differences
Herbaceous
contains xylem and
contains no wood and is
phloem
soft
Woody Stems
contains xylem and
does contain wood and is
phloem
hard and rigid
What are annual rings? How formed? What do they tell? (pg. 269)
Annual rings are made of xylem. Xylem cells that form in the spring are large
and have thin walls because they grow rapidly. They produce a wide, light
brown ring. Xylem cells that grow in the summer grow slowly; therefore, they
are small and have thick walls. They produce a thin, dark ring. One pair of light
and dark rings represents one year’s growth. The annual rings can be counted
to determine a plant’s age. They can also provide information about weather
conditions, such as rainfall, during the plants lifetime.
Function of leaves? (pg. 270)
Leaves capture the sun’s energy and carry out the food making process called
photosynthesis.
Structure of leaves? (pg. 270—figure 16)
cuticle, stomata, phloem, xylem, chloroplasts, vein, surface cells, and cuticle
Function of leaves in photosynthesis? (pg. 271)
The cells that contain the most chloroplasts are located near the surface of the
leaf where they get the most sunlight. The chlorophyll in the chloroplasts
absorbs the sun’s energy that is used in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide enters
the stomata to help photosynthesis begin. Then oxygen is released through the
stomata at the end of photosynthesis.
in controlling water loss? (pg. 270 figure 16 and pg. 271)
The cuticle is a waxy, waterproof coating that helps to control water loss.
Additionally, the stomata can close in order to help prevent water loss.
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Page 272
What is a gymnosperm? (pg. 272)
A gymnosperm is a seed plant that produces “naked” seeds. They are
considered “naked” because they are not enclosed by a protective fruit.
Which gymnosperm are you most familiar with? (pg. 273)
Conifers—pine trees
How do gymnosperms reproduce? (pg. 274—and figure 19 on pg. 275)
First, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. In time, a sperm cell
and an egg cell join together in an ovule on the female cone. After fertilization
occurs, the seed develops on the scale of the female cone.
pollination—fertilization—seed development—seed dispersal
What is an angiosperm? (pg. 276)
All angiosperms produce flowers, and all angiosperms produce seeds that are
enclosed in fruits.
Identify the basic structures of flowers and tell their function. (pg. 276-277)
a) sepals—leaf-like structures that cover a bud
b) petals—most colorful part of the flower
c) stamen—male reproductive part that consists of the anther and filament
d) filament—thin stalk-like portion of stamen
e) anther—part of stamen where pollen is produced
f) pistil—female reproductive part that consists of the stigma, style, and ovary
g) stigma—sticky portion of pistil to which pollen sticks
h) style—tube-like portion of pistil that connects stigma to ovary
i) ovary—portion of pistil that protects the seed as it develops into a fruit
Describe the reproduction of an angiosperm. (pg. 278 and figure 23 on pg. 279)
First, pollen falls on a flower’s stigma. In time, the sperm cell and egg cell join
together in the flower’s ovule. The zygote develops into the embryo part of the
seed.
pollination—fertilization—fruit development—seed dispersal
Identify the 2 types of angiosperms and how you would tell one from the other.
(pg. 280)
a) monocots—angiosperms that have only one cotyledon or seed leaf, parallel
veins, bundles of vascular tissue scattered through stem, and flower parts in
threes
b) dicots—angiosperms that have two cotyledons or seed leafs, branching
veins, bundles of vascular tissue arranged in a ring, flower parts in fours or
fives
What is tropism? (pg. 284)
tropism—a plant’s growth response towards or away from a stimulus
List the types of tropism. (pg. 284)
touch, light, and gravity
What are annual, biennials, and perennials? (pg. 287)
a) annuals—flowering plants that complete a life cycle within one growing
season
b) biennials—flowering plants that complete their life cycle in two years
c) perennials—flowering plants that live for more than two years