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Introduction to Plants Plant structures, Signaling defences, Responses to the Environment Why are plants important? Food Photosynthesis produces oxygen Roots prevent soil erosion Leaves absorb pollutants Take in Carbon Dioxide Types of Plants Bryophytes – lack a true vascular system (xylem and phloem) – Mosses Remain small Need water to reproduce – sperm swims to female plant to fertilize egg – grows into stalk with spore case on end Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns – Have xylem and phloem – Reproduce by spores instead of seeds Seed Plants Gymnosperms Nonflowering seed plants – Many produce seeds in cones - conifers – “naked seeds” – have no flesh around it. Seed Plants Angiosperms Flowering seed plants – Produce flowers containing male and/or female reproductive structures Seed Produced from union of egg and sperm – Egg is in flower – usually deep inside – Sperm is in pollen – carried to egg during pollination – Fertilization produces embryonic plant within stored food and a protective coating Pollination Wind Water Animals – bats, insects, birds, mammals, snails, etc. Fruits Attracts animals so seeds get dispersed Seeds usually can pass through animal’s digestive system to be dropped a distance away from parent plant Structures of Angiosperms Roots – Grow toward water – Absorb water and minerals – Transport them to stem – Store food – Anchor plant Types of Roots Taproot system Fibrous root system Root Tip Remember the root tip we squashed to see the cells undergoing Mitosis? Zone of differentiation Zone of elongation Zone of cell division Root cap Leaves You already know the structure of the leaf: Flower Structure Carpel Fertilization Vegetative Reproduction Cuttings - houseplants Runners - strawberries Mutations – naval oranges Grafts Suckers – aspen roots Plant Hormones Chemical messengers – made in one part of plant and work on another (just like human hormones). Auxins – responsible for growth at the end of stems – cut them off, and plant will send out shoots from the sides of stems. Pruning uses this info to make bushier plants. Others include cytokinins for root growth, Giberellins for seed growth, ethylene for fruit ripening, and abscisic acid for fruit and leaf growth. Plant Responses Phototropism gravitropism Thigmotropism hydrotropism Dormancy in Winter Deciduous Trees – Lose leaves in autumn – Why? – Low level of metabolism in winte – Growth is suspended until leaves grow in spring Evergreen trees Metabolism slows in cold weather, but they can start up any time the temperature rises. Lose leaves all year long, a little at a time. Photoperiodism Plant responds to intervals of day and night Long night plants – flower in late summer or early fall Short night plants – flower in early to midsummer How long do plants live? Monocots vs Dicots How a Plant Grows: Secondary Growth: Tree trunks: Water Transport Mature ovary Fruits: Growth of Seed: