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Chapter 3 Notes: Biochemistry
Compounds
• Review: What is a compound?
• A substance that contains: ____________________________________
• All compounds can be classified into 2 categories:
1. ___________ compounds contain carbon atoms and are found in
living things.
2. ___________compounds do not contain carbon atoms.
Carbon Bonding
• Carbon atoms can form _____ covalent bonds with other ________
• Carbon atoms can form _____ covalent bonds with other _____________.
• This bonding allows the carbon
atoms to form a wide ___________
of simple and complex organic
compounds.
• Each line represents a
_______________ bond
• Carbon bonds can be in a
__________ chain, ____________
brain or in a _______
• They can have single, double, or
triple bonds
Functional Groups
• Functional groups are groups of atoms that ______________the properties
of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate.
• 4 of them to remember
Hydroxyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Phosphate
Large Carbon Molecule
• Small molecules are called ______________
• A bunch of monomers bonded together are called _______________
• Large polymers are called
______________________
• 4 main types (second
section)
Condensation Reactions
• Condensation reactions join
_____________ to form polymers.
• A condensation reaction releases
__________ as a by-product.
Hydrolysis Reactions
• In a hydrolysis reaction, polymers
_________________ into
monomers
• __________ is used to split polymers into monomers.
Energy in an organism
• Adenosine triphosphate (_____) stores and releases ________ during cell
processes, enabling organisms to function.
• Example of a hydrolysis reaction
Section 2: Molecules of Life
Four types of macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of ___________,
____________, and _________ in a ratio of about one carbon to two
hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom. (_________)
• Carbohydrates are a source of ___________ and are used as structural
materials in organisms.
Three types of carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
 Simple ___________
 _____________ of a carbohydrate
 Example: ______________
 Most common ones are ___________ (main energy in cells), _________
(fruit sugar) and _____________ (milk sugar)
2. Disaccharides
 Are ____ monosaccharides bonded together
o This is done through a ________________ reaction
 Fructose + glucose = ___________ (table sugar)
3. Polysaccharides
• Complex molecule composed of ___ or more monosaccharides
• 3 examples
1. Glycogen
– Hundreds of __________ bonded together
– Stored as glycogen in __________ liver
2. Starch
– Hundreds of __________ bonded together
– Stored in _________
3. Cellulose
– Made by plants; part of the ___________
PROTEINS
• Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of _________,
____________, ______________, and ____________
• Proteins have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic
roles.
• Proteins are made up of monomers called ____________. The
sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function.
Amino Acids can bond together
• Dipeptides and Polypeptides
– Two amino acids are joined
by peptide bonds to form a
__________
– A long chain of amino acids
is called a ______________
– Proteins are _________ molecules
containing hundreds of amino
acids that can bend and form
different ____________
Enzymes are proteins
• Enzymes
– Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates.
– The binding of a ____________ with an enzyme causes a change in
the enzyme’s shape
– The substrate is the _____________in the reaction
– This binding reduces the ___________________ required for the
reaction to occur.
LIPIDS
• Lipids are ______________ molecules
• They store ____________
• are an important part of cell _________________
•
Mostly made up of __________________
Fatty Acids
• Most lipids
contain fatty acids,
unbranched
carbon molecules
that have a
__________ end
(carboxyl group)
and a __________
end.
Three groups of lipids that contain fatty acids
1. Triglycerides
– Triglycerides consist of ______________________ and one molecule of the
alcohol glycerol.
– Typically have high melting points and solid at room temperature
– Common saturated triglycerides are butter, and fats in red meats
– Unsaturated triglycerides are in plant seeds
2. Phospholipids
 Phospholipids consist of
____________________and
one glycerol molecule
 make up cell
___________________
 Has a _________ region and
a nonpolar region
3. Waxes
 A wax is made of __________________ chain joined to one long alcohol.
 ____________________
 In plants, form a protective covering on outer surface of leaf
Steroids
 A steroid is composed of four fused carbon __________; no fatty acids
 Human hormones like testosterone are steroids
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and
transports information
• Building block of DNA (____________________________) which
determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities
• Building block of RNA (____________________) which stores and transfers
information from DNA in order to make proteins
• Made of ____________________
• Made up of 3 main components
1.
2.
3.