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Transcript
Ecology Interactions of Organisms and Their Environment Terminology: • ______________ the study of the ________________ of living organisms with one another and with their physical ______________ •__________- place where a particular population of species lives •____________ is when many different species live together in a habitat •____________ a community including the physical aspects of its habitat (soil, water, weather) Habitat: Example- The habitat for a ________ is a _________ Community: Example- A ________ bat, ________ bat, worms and _________ are apart of a community Ecosystem: Example- Loose soil, moderate _________ and a ____________ nearby in addition to the “cave community” would be considered an ecosystem • Biotic factors- are ___________ in a habitat – Ex. _________, bugs, ________, flowers, etc • Abiotic factors- are the __________ ____________ of a habitat – Ex. Wind, ________, rocks, sunlight, _________, etc. Biomes: A ___________ is a large geographical area of distinctive plant and animal groups, which are adapted to that particular environment Terrestrial biomes are defined by _____________ & _________; characterized by the organisms that live there, particularly the ______! ___________ – cacti and succulants Chaparral – shrubs, some grasses, few small trees; drought and fire resistant ____________ – tall grasses, few if any trees, wildflowers Temperate deciduous forest – deciduous trees & other plant species __________________________ – many trees and a huge variety of other plant species Taiga – conifers & other plant species, including mosses, shrubs & vines ___________– cold and relatively dry; very few small plant species Which biome do we live in? ________________________________ Aquatic biomes are defined by _______ and ________ • Freshwater biomes: – Lakes and ponds – Streams and rivers – Wetlands- swamps, bogs, flood plains • Marine and saltwater: – Oceans – Coral Reefs – Estuary- place where _____________ runs into _______ water Succession: • _____________ the somewhat regular progression of species replacement – ___________ succession- when species begin to inhabit a place where life has _______ _____________ before • Ex. The edge of an iceberg melts exposing uninhabited soil and plants begin to sprout – ____________succession- when species take over areas that have had _______________ _______________ • Ex. An abandoned field or a clearing that has been burned and new growth sprouts • Pioneer species- when small, fast growing plants are the ________ organisms to live in a new habitat where soil is present – They make the ground more hospitable for other species Energy Flow in Ecosystems The flow of energy is the most important factor that controls ________ _________ of organisms live in an ecosystem and _______ _ _________ organisms can be supported. _____________- organisms that first capture energy by photosynthesis (______________) o Ex. Plants, algae and some bacteria _____________- all other organisms that consume plants or other organisms to obtain energy (______________) o Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and detritivores Trophic levels In an ecosystem, organisms are assigned to specific levels based on their ______________ ______ _________________ Food chain- is the path of _________ that travels through the trophic levels of an ecosystem Draw the food chain: • First level => _______________ • Second level => Herbivores (animals that eat plants/primary consumers) – also called ___________ __________________ • Third level => carnivores (animals that eat other animals) and omnivores (animals that eat both plants and animals) – also called _____________ ________________ • Fourth level =>carnivores that eat other carnivores – also called ___________ ______________ Fourth level Third level Second Level First Level “Special consumers” called detritivores are organisms that obtain their energy from the organic wastes of _______ __________ at all trophic levels – Ex. Worms, fungi and bacteria *Bacteria and fungi are known as _____________ because they cause decay Food web- is an ______________ group of food __________ *Note direction of the arrows. Energy pyramid The ultimate source of all energy comes from _________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Which level contains the greatest amount of energy? _______________ Loss of Energy in a Food Chain: • The loss of energy limits the number of trophic levels an ecosystem can support • At each trophic level, the energy stores is about _________ of that stored by the organism below Label the correct amount of energy at each trophic level: Stop and think • Where does all energy come from? • Why does an energy pyramid usually have no more than 4 levels? • In a food chain which direction does the arrow point? Why? (Hint: think about energy transfer)