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CHEMISTRY 1. Identify the function associated with the cytochrome system 6. A. B. C. D. E. A. it adds electrons to NAD B. it uses ATP to produce water C. it drains electron energy to produce ATP D. it removes electrons from glucose 2. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid, a component of Kreb’s cycle, can be used by the body to produce A. pyrrole in the process of hemoglobin formation B. isocitric acid C. phosphenol pyruvic acid D. nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide E. falvin adenine dinucleotide 3. 4. glycogenolysis glyconeogenesis specific dynamic action oxidative decarboxylation glycolysis The hydrolysis of a fat in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide is A. B. C. D. E. 5. 7. 8. hydrogenation emulsification saponification neutralization polymerization The end products of fat digestion are A. B. C. D. E. lecithins and cephalins cholesterol and sterols carbon dioxide and water glycerol and fatty acids none of the above at a pH of five at a pH of seven in a buffer system in an acid solution at their isoelectric point The movement of colloidal particles under the influence of an electric current is called A. B. C. D. E. 9. amino acids uric acid ammonia carbon dioxide glucose Proteins are least soluble A. B. C. D. E. The conversion of alanine to carbohydrate is termed A. B. C. D. E. The main catabolic product of purine metabolism in man in coacervation cataphoresis Tyndall effect Brownian movement diffusion Which of the following compounds does not appear to be rather directly involved in the chemical reactions by which urea is formed in the body A. B. C. D. E. citrulline glucose arginine aspartic acid ornithine 10. Which of the following is not a test for carbohydrates A. B. C. D. E. Molish’s acrolein Benedict’s Barfoed’s Iodine 11. Consider the conversion Alanine to lactic acid to glucose This is an example of A. B. C. D. E. glycolysis glycogenesis glycongenolysis gluconeogenesis glycerogenesis 12. What is the most important part of the glucose tolerance curve A. B. C. D. E. rise fall maximum minimum all of the above 13. The forms of an element differing in atomic weight but having the same atomic number A. B. C. D. E. isochore isocheim isotopes isomers isobars 14. Name a condition charcterized by a blood sugar of 400 mg and glucosuria A. B. C. D. E. diabetes insipidus renal glucosuria alimentary glucosuria diabetes mellitus pernicious anemia 15. The bile salts are A. bilirubin and sodium triphosphate B. sodium phosphate and sodium glycolate C. sodium subnitrate and sodium taurocholate D. sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate E. sodium glycocholate and biliverdin 16. After taking part in fat digestion and absorption, most of the bile salts are A. B. C. D. E. excreted in the feces excreted in the urine decomposed by hepatic enzymes reabsorbed into the portal system returned to the kidney 17. Which of the following is not included in the method of obtaining the Reichert-Meissel number A. B. C. D. E. saponification acidification distillation titration acetylation 18. How many of the known amino acids are essential for human growth and nutrition A. B. C. D. E. 16 14 12 10 8 19. An important intermediate substance in the cycle which forms urea is A. B. C. D. E. oxaloacetic acid lactic acid citric acid ornithine glutamine 20. What are the constituents of both NAD and NADP A. B. C. D. E. niacinamide para amino benzoic acid pantothenic acid ribofalvin thiamine 21. Biotin is recognized as part of which group A. B. C. D. E. fat soluble group minerals C complex B complex none of the above 22. The hydrolysis of lactose yields A. B. C. D. E. mannose and fructose galactose and mannose fructose and glucose galactose and glucose lactic acid and protein 23. The effect of Vitamin C deficiency is primarily on A. B. C. D. E. hematopoietic tissues muscular tissues nervous tissues connective tissues epithelial tissues 11. Which of the following vitamins is the best antioxidant A. B. C. D. E. vitamin B2 vitamin E vitamin B1 vitamin D2 vitamin A 12. Which pair of ions is most important for the formation of bones and teeth A. B. C. D. E. K+, FMg++, ClMg++, SO4Ca++, HPO4 CO++, I- 13. At its isoelectric point , a protein behaves A. B. C. D. E. as an uncharged molecule as neither an anion or cation as both an anion and cation as a cation as an anion 14. The majority of calcium is found as A. B. C. D. E. ionized calcium unionized calcium both ionized and unionized calcium bone salts none of the above 15. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change A. separating the components of a mixture with a centrifuge B. developing an X-ray film C. demagnetizing a magnet D. evaporating water E. reducing copper to a powder 16. The reaction of water with Sodium Carbonate illustrates the process of A. B. C. D. E. synthesis neutralization electrolysis hydrolysis none of the above 17. When a crystal of the solute is added to a saturated solution, which of the following will occur A. no change will occur B. the crystal will dissolve and form a supersaturated solution C. a violent reaction will take place D. crystals of the solute will separate from the solution E. none of the above 18. When a vegetable oil is converted to a solid fat, which of the following elements is introduced A. B. C. D. E. hydrogen chlorine nitrogen oxygen none of the above 19. The basic formula of an ether is A. B. C. D. E. R-O-OH R-CHO R-CL R-O-H R-O-R 20. The principle mechanical bonding between amino acids in proteins is the A. B. C. D. E. acetyl linkage disulfide bond hydrogen bond ester linkage peptide linkage 21. Sucrose and glucose are examples of a class of compounds called A. B. C. D. E. carbohydrates hydrocarbons esters esthers organic acids 22. Included under the broad classification, lipids are A. B. C. D. E. cholesterol the phospholipids the waxes the triglycerides all of the above 28. The formation of ammonia in the renal tubules is very important to the body insofar as it A. B. C. D. E. 23. Glucose is an example of a/an A. B. C. D. E. disaccharide a ketohexose an aldohexose a ketopentose an aldopentose 24. The effect or action of insulin is A. B. C. D. inhibit gluconeogenesis decrease glucose oxidation decrease fat anabolism decrease protein synthesis 25. When ammonia is formed in the body and escapes into the blood it is converted into which of the following for excretion A. B. C. D. E. uric acid urea nitrogen and water creatinine creatine 26. Two elements necessary for the formation of milk by lactation are A. B. C. D. E. calcium and potassium magnesium and zinc calcium and iron calcium and phosphorus iron and phosphorus 27. Energy stored in the Kreb’s cycle is largely in the form of A. B. C. D. E. adenosine diphosphate adenosine triphosphate glycogen pyruvic acid None of the above helps rid the body of urea conserves the body’s fixed alkali reduces the work of the liver is bacteriostatic to the urinary tract is a compensatory mechanism in alkalosis 29. Which of the following substances is not reabsorbed at all by the kidney tubules A. B. C. D. E. urea uric acid creatinine NaCl glucose 30. Acetylcholine is destroyed rapidly by A. B. C. D. E. acetic acid choline adrenaline cholinesterase monamine oxidase 31. Gluconeogenesis in the liver occurs A. at a constant rate B. when the glucose concentration is high C. when the glucose concentration is low D. when the amino acid concentration is high E. when the amino acid concentration is low 32. Pepsin and trypsin are A. B. C. D. E. digestive enzymes starch splitters proteolytic enzymes digestive hormones kinases 33. The main organic constituent of urine is A. B. C. D. E. acetone creatinine urea uric acid creatine 34. In the digestion of all food, the basic process is dependent upon A. B. C. D. E. chewing properly sufficient HCl in the stomach hydrolysis deamination a good supply of pancreatic juice 35. One of the functions of the bile salts is to A. B. C. D. E. aid in absorption of fat aid in digestion of proteins condense bladder bile aid in digestion of carbohydrates aid in the flow of bile from the bladder 39. Which element is the chief cation of intracellular fluid A. B. C. D. E. P C Mn K Na 40. NaHCO3 is the formula for A. B. C. D. E. sodium hydrocarbonate sodium carbonate sodium carbon trioxide natrium carbonate sodium bicarbonate 41. The enzyme unique to the liver 36. The formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and H2O A. is catalyzed by serum carbonic anhydrase B. takes place in the blood of the great veins C. occurs rapidly without the help of a catalyst D. is catalyzed by the enzyme present in red cells E. none of the above A. B. C. D. E. glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase glutamine pyruvic transaminase glutaminase asparginase arginase 42. Which amino acid contains sulfur A. B. C. D. oxaloacetic glutamic acid glutamic acid tyrosine methionine 37. An example of an amphoteric substance is A. B. C. D. E. chloride ion sulfate ion bicarbonate ion carbonate ion hydroxyl ion 38. The statement: “the amount of a gas that a liquid will dissolve is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas” is known as which of the following A. B. C. D. E. Dalton’s law Boyle’s law Charles’s law Avagadro’s law law of Henry 43. Carbon dioxide from the tissues reacts with water [mainly with the RBC’s] to form A. B. C. D. E. carbonic anhydrase sodium bicarbonate carbonic acid none of these all of these 44. When a neutral fat is hydrolized it yields fatty acids and A. B. C. D. E. higher alcohols choline glycerol cephalin lecithin 45. The chief methyl donors in transmethylation are A. B. C. D. E. choline, methionine, and betane creatinine, epinephrine and glycine arganine, histadine and protein valine, leucine and threonine liver, kidney and brain 46. Which coenzyme transfers 2 C fragments A. B. C. D. E. CO-ASH NaDP FAD LaS2 NAD 47. All of the following compounds are included within the broad classification of steroids except A. B. C. D. E. sex hormones adrenocortico hormones D vitamins riboflavin bile acids 48. Which of the following hormones is structurally a sulfur containing protein A. B. C. D. E. insulin thyroxine cortisone adrenaline progesterone 49. The two most important sulfur-containing amino acids are A. B. C. D. E. aspartic acid and cystine sarcosine and threonine cystine and methionine methionine and bioyin serine and toluene 50. The primary source of methyl groups in the biological system is A. B. C. D. E. valium methonine homocystine serine creatine 51. Thymine is a typical example of an end base for A. B. C. D. E. polypeptide pyridine purine RNA DNA 52. DNA has two basic nitrogenous compounds these are A. B. C. D. E. tryptophan protein and porphyrins lysine and argenine purine and pyramidine glucosamine and N acetyl glucosamine 53. Which of the following elements would form a base by the action of cold water A. B. C. D. E. fluorine carbon iron gold sodium 54. D-glucose is A. dextrorotatory B. the end product of the hydrolysis of maltose C. a monosaccharide D. soluble in water E. all of the above 55. All of the following will be yielded in nucleic acid hydrolysis except A. B. C. D. E. adenine ATP 5-carbon sugar purines phosphoric acid 56. When hydronium ions and hydroxide ions combine, which of the following in formed A. B. C. D. E. hydrogen and oxygen water salt a base an acid 57. A one-molar solution always contains A. one equivalent weight of the solute in one liter of solution B. one gram-molecular weight of the solute in one liter of solution C. one gram-molecular wieght of the solute in 22.4 liters of solution D. 6.06 x 10 23rd molecules of the solute per 22.4 liters of solution E. one molecule of the solute per milliliter of solution 58. Which of the following forms a strong electrolyte when dissolved in water A. B. C. D. E. gelatin sand alcohol salt sugar 59. In which group are all three tests positive for reducing sugars A. Micic acid, Moore, dialysis B. Benedict, Fehling, Phenylhydrazine C. Tollen, Bila, fermentation of yeast D. Millon, Nylander, Benedict 60. Which term is applied to substances which are separable, thermostable, dialyzable and organic in nature and necessarily associated with enzymes in action A. B. C. D. E. zymogens substrates kinases coenzymes activators 61. The positive functions of iodine A. to regulate the size and function of the thymus gland B. to regulate the size and function of the parathyroid glands C. maintain the normal structure of nervous tissue D. are used prophylactically against the anemia of infancy E. regulate the size and function of the thyroid gland 62. Which of the following is a property of an enantiomer A. complete internal compensation B. is a component in nature of most inorganic rocks C. can be identified by the use of a colorimeter D. will rotate the plane of a polarized light E. will not rotate the plane of a polarized light 63. A biologically complete protein A. B. C. D. contains all essential amino acids contains only essential amino acids contains all known amino acids has not been deaminated 64. The principle basic ion in the RBC is A. B. C. D. E. calcium magnesium phosphorus sodium potassium 65. The reaction of glucose into glycogen occurs in the A. B. C. D. E. liver and spleen liver muscle liver and kidney kidney 66. In the body, a buffer acts by A. aiding saponification B. aiding is the formation of urea C. uniting with excess hydrogen ion forming ionized compound D. by favoring ionization of acids E. by aiding the calcification of bones 67. The hydrogen in an organic compound, upon qualitative analysis A. B. C. D. E. forms a saturated compound creates double and triple bonds forms metallic hydrides is boiled off as H2 is converted to water 68. What statement referring to vitamin K is correct A. it is produced in the intestine by bacterial action B. it functions to aid the liver in the production of prothrombin C. it is referred to as the antihemorrhagic factor D. all of the above 74. The final step in the complete metabolism of fat is by means of A. B. C. D. E. anaerobic glycolysis transaminase reduction of fixed CO2 tricarboxylic cycle Krebs Henestrial cycle 75. The reaction which produces Krebs Cycle intermediates is 69. What is present in lecithin but not in choline A. B. C. D. E. serine glycine phosphoric acid choline ethanalanine A. B. C. D. E. translocation glycolytic respiratory chain anaphylactic lipolytic 76. Niacin contributes to the formation of 70. The half-life of iodine 131 is 8 days. What fraction is reduced in 24 hours A. B. C. D. E. 1/16 1/32 1/24 ½ 1/8 71. The body may compensate for increased blood acidity by A. B. C. D. E. excreting more NH4 excreting H2PO4 decreased respiratory rate excreting more Na excreting more SO4 72. C12H35COOH is the formula for A. B. C. D. E. stearic acid linoleic acid arachidanic acid arachidonic acid oleic acid 73. In which structure of the body does the primary manufacture of prothrombin occur A. B. C. D. E. adrenals bone marrow pancreas spleen liver A. B. C. D. E. CoB only TPN DPN coenzyme I and II CoA only 77. In a urine sample, the appearance of a permanent cloudiness plus formation of a flocculent precipitate on heating, indicates A. B. C. D. E. polyuria glycosuria anuria hemoglobinuria albuminuria 78. Sulfur is a constituent of all of the following except A. B. C. D. methionine and cystine methionine and insulin thiamine and biotin alanine and isoleucine 79. The presence of double bonds in carbon compounds differentiate the A. B. C. D. E. saturated from unsaturated cyclic from aliphatic inflammable from noninflammable acidic from basic isomeric from isotopic 80. A primary alcohol upon oxidation initially yields a/an A. B. C. D. E. aldehyde ketone acid ester ether 81. The bone/blood equilibrium of calcium ions is controlled pricipally by A. B. C. D. E. the tissue content of phosphate ions vitamin D the parathyroid gland vitamin B complex the pituitary gland 82. A general term for enzymes, which hydrolyze starch is A. B. C. D. E. amylases diastases zymases galactases maltases 83. If a protein gives a positive Biuret test, which of the following is present A. B. C. D. E. phenyl alanine tyrosine arginine peptide linkage cysteine 84. One mole [molecular weight] on any gas occupies _________ liters at STP A. B. C. D. E. 2 6 20,4 22 22.4 85. The habitual ingestion of mineral oil by children will interfere with the absorption of A. B. C. D. E. thiamine riboflavin vitamin C vitamin D niacin 86. The structure of vitamin D is such that it is classified as a/an A. B. C. D. E. porphyrin alkaloid glucoside heterocyclic compound steroid 87. What happens when an aromatic hydrocarbon is halogenated in the presence of iron A. B. C. D. a ring is broken the ring is saturated nothing heat is needed for the reaction to occur E. substitution 88. What is the total number of high energy phosphates generated by 1 mole of acetyl Co-A through one round of the Tricarboxycylic cycle A. B. C. D. E. 3 12 15 24 36 89. What is the best classification for a reaction when each carboxylic group of fatty acid reacts with one molecule of NaOH A. B. C. D. E. permanent hardness esterification saponification carboxylation precipitation 90. The enzyme amylase which causes the cleavage of the glucosidic bond is called A. B. C. D. E. oxidireductase thyrodase ligase hydrolase isomerase 91. In anaerobic glycogenesis, ______ ATP are used to make 1 glucose molecule A. B. C. D. E. 0 2 12 24 36 92. The test that is negative in normal urine is A. B. C. D. E. chloride urea conjugated sulfate glucose phosphate 93. A pyrolle ring occurs in A. B. C. D. fatty acid derivatives hemoglobin and chlorophyll acid amide breakdown products sulfonated hydrocarbons 94. Cytochrome contain ______ in their structure A. B. C. D. E. iron potassium zinc phosphorus cobalt 95. After iron is absorbed in the intestine, Fe is carried in the blood in which form A. B. C. D. E. apo-transferrin hemosideran transferrin ceruloplasmin hemofuschin 97. Which amino acid has an indole ring A. B. C. D. E. proline hydroxproline tryptophan tyrosine histidine 98. Hemoglobin is very similar to chlorophyll except chlorophyll has ______ added A. B. C. D. E. cobalt copper Mg nitrogen hydrogen 99. The respiratory chain of electron transport is involved with A. B. C. D. deamination oxidative phosphorylation transmethylation transamination 100. The correct order of the Kreb’s cycle is A. oxaloacetate, citrate, alphaketogluterate, malate and succinate B. citrate, succinate, alphaketogluterate, malate and oxalacetate C. alpha-ketogluterate, succinate, citrate, oxaloacetate and malate D. malate, oxaloacetate, citrate, alpha-ketogluterate and succinate E. succinate, malate, citrate, oxaloacetate and alphaketogluterate 101. The periodic table is generally credited to 96. The enzyme that converts sucrose to fructose and glucose is A. B. C. D. lipase lactase oxyreductase hydrolase A. B. C. D. E. Simpson Nobel Mendeleev Joseph Crooke 102. A deficiency of vitamin C causes A. paleness of the gums B. the tendency to deposit fat under the skin C. faster healing of wounds D. a reduction in the amount of intracellular substance E. a shrinkage of the gums 107. A compound formed in the anaerobic breakdown of sugars is A. B. C. D. E. acetylcholine tryptophan aspartic acid glucosamine 3-phosphoglyceric acid 108. The majority of sodium ions are found in 103. An important vitamin or vitamins necessary for pyruvic acid oxidation is/are A. B. C. D. E. vitamins A and D thiamine vitamin B12 vitamin A vitamin D 104. Phenylketonuria is characterized by the presence in the urine of abnormally large amounts of A. glycine and tryptophan B. 3-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone C. phenyacetic and phenylpyruvic acids D. tyrosine and 3, 4dihydroxyphenylalnine E. none of the above 105. Which of the following can be detected in urine merely by boiling and acidifying the urine A. B. C. D. E. albumins acetone bodies sterols reducing sugars indican 106. The major source of the ammonia found in the urine of a patient in acidosis is A. conversion of urea to ammonia in the kidney B. deamination of glutamine in tubular cells C. breakdown of amino acids in the bladder D. glomerular filtration of plasma ammonia E. conversion of urea to ammonia in the liver A. B. C. D. E. lymph bile plasma erythrocytes both plasma and erythrocytes 109. Bile is important in fat digestion because it acts as a/an A. B. C. D. E. oxidizing agent emulsifier buffer enzyme neutralizer for fatty acids 110. The chief source of prothrombin in the body is the A. B. C. D. E. adrenals bone marrow pancreas spleen liver 111. The degree of unsaturation of a fat can be determine by means of A. B. C. D. E. the spot test acetyl number the iodine number its saponification number the acrolein test 112. The reaction which appears to be necessary for the absorption of glucose from the intestine is A. B. C. D. E. phosphorylation hydrolysis oxidation sulfonation nitration 113. All of the following interfere with the utilization of vitamins except A. impaired mechanism of acceptance B. high acid in the stomach C. inadequate conversion of essential nutrients D. absence of a suitable biologic reagent E. all of the above interfere 119. Which of the following functions as an activator from many enzymes used in carbohydrate metabolism A. B. C. D. K Zn Mg Ca 120. Which of the following is an essential amino acid 114. Beri beri is a deficiency of A. B. C. D. E. niacin B6 B1 B2 biotin A. B. C. D. E. valine tryptophan lysine threonine all of the above 121. Which compound may show optical activity 115. When the genes for a certain pathway are always “turned on” in the cell, the enzymes are said to be A. B. C. D. mutated inducible repressible constitutive 116. What is the reaction where 1, 3 diphosphoglycerate loses one of its PO4 molecules to form ATP from ADP called A. B. C. D. substrate level phosphorylation fermentation oxidation oxidative phosphorylation 117. Streptococcus would give which one of the following fermentation products from glucose A. B. C. D. E. butyl alcohol and H2 2, 3 butane diol lactate ethanol and CO2 expectorate 118. The pH of the blood is A. B. C. D. E. 4.5 6.8 7.4 7.8 8.6 A. B. C. D. E. CH3CH2CH2CHOHCH3 CH3CH2CHClCH2CH3 CH3CHClCH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 CH3CCl2CH2CH3 122. Which of these is not present in the normal adult human gastric juice A. B. C. D. E. rennin renin pepsin HCl all of the above are present 123. Epinephrine when injected causes A. B. C. D. E. decrease in metabolic rate retention of sodium chloride decrease of blood sugar increase in blood sugar increase in Ca of the blood 124. The effect of food in stimulating metabolism causing a production of extra large calories is called A. B. C. D. E. basal metabolic rate respiratory quotient specific dynamic action basal metabolism none of these 125. The mixing of acetic acid and sodium acetate creates A. B. C. D. E. a dialysis experiment a physiological saline solution a buffer pair a weak electrolyte sodium actions 126. Which of the following has a bivalent metal A. B. C. D. E. Al(NO3)3 Cu(NO3)2 H2SO4 KNO3 NaCl 131. Which of the following tests will be negative in normal urine A. B. C. D. E. ethereal sulfate Benedict’s phosphate chloride urea 132. The major constituent of gallstones found in the human body is A. B. C. D. E. fat acids choline phophorized fat cholesterol bile salts 127. A simple protein is exemplified by 133. The formula for ethylene is A. B. C. D. E. hemoglobin viruses mucin albumin casein 128. Fats may be hydrolyzed by all of the following except A. B. C. D. E. acids lipases fat enzymes superheated steam alkalies 129. The end products of saponification are A. B. C. D. E. glycerol and K salts glycerol and soaps carbon dioxide and water glycerol and fatty acids glycerol and Na salts 130. What is another name of Coenzyme I A. nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate B. nicotanamide-adenine dinucleotide C. niacinamide dinucleotide phosphate D. triphosphopyridine nucleotide E. nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide diphosphate A. B. C. D. E. C3H8 C2H4 C2H2 C2H6 CH3 134. When an organic acid reacts with an alcohol A. B. C. D. E. an ester is formed an ether is formed hydrogen replaces hydroxyl an amino acid is formed nothing much happens 135. The volume occupied by a given mass of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature at constant pressure. This statement is A. B. C. D. E. Henry’s law Avogadro’s law Liegman’s law Boyle’s law Charles’ law 136. In liquid water, the strongest bonds between water molecules are A. B. C. D. E. hydrogen bonds Van der Waals bonds coordinate convalent bonds ionic bonds covalent bonds 137. When a great deal of heat is given off in a chemical reaction [e.g. when aluminum combines with fluorine] the resulting compound is A. B. C. D. E. an easily reduced compound an easily oxidized compound an acid an explosive a stable compound 138. Which of the following is a lyophobic colloid A. B. C. D. E. gold blood protein soap starch egg albumin 139. Phenol is a A. B. C. D. aromatic glycoglycol benzene primary alcohol 140. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to A. B. C. D. E. lactate lactose phophoenolpyruvate citrate acetyl CoA 141. Lactose contains which of the following sugars A. B. C. D. E. glucose and fructose glucose and maltose glucose and galactose fructose and galactose sucrose and maltose 142. Which of the following are the precursors of prostaglandins A. B. C. D. E. amino acids proteins vitamins carbohydrates unsaturated fatty acids 143. Which of the following can be converted to nicotinic acid in the body A. B. C. D. E. proline tryptophan phenylalanine histidine tyrosine 144. Which enzyme is responsible for the release of carbon dioxide from carbonic acid in a red blood cell A. B. C. D. E. carboxylase carbonic anhydrase decarboxylase phosphorylase phosphatase 145. Which of the following reactions is catalyzed by amylopsin amylase A. B. C. D. E. glycogen to glucose starch to maltose lactose to glucose and galactose starch to glucose sucrose to glucose and fructose 159. Anaerobes fulfill energy requirements via A. pentose shunt B. oxidation of energy yielding substrate with elemental oxygen C. Kreb’s cycle D. Eben-Meyerhoff pathway E. Complete conversion of carbon compounds to CO2 and water