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Chapter 9 Reading Guide Section 1, Greece and Persia 1. Complete the key terms & vocabulary for 9.1: *Cyrus the Great- __________________________________________________ *Cavalry- ________________________________________________________ *Darius I- ________________________________________________________ *Persian Wars- ____________________________________________________ *Xerxes I- ________________________________________________________ 2. Where is Persia located? On the continent of Asia; E of Arabian Peninsula, E of the Persian Gulf, SE of Greece. 3. Who was the person who started the Persian Empire? Cyrus the Great_ What did he do for the people to keep them from rebelling against him? He let the people he conquered keep their own customs. 4. Do “Interpreting Maps” on p. 261. Answer Q. # 1-2. 1) Cyrus the Great 2) Sardis & Susa 5. Who took over after Cyrus the Great, and then his son, died? Darius I. This person organized his government into provinces and then appointed governors (satraps). What did these governors do? They ruled for him. They collected taxes, served as judges & put down rebellions within their territories. 6. What kinds of improvements did he do for the empire? *Built roads to connect the empire (Royal Road- 1,000 miles) *Messenger system *New capital (Persepolis) *Filled city with works of art *New religion, Zoroastrianism (Two forces fighting- one good god & one bad god) 7. Greeks under Persian rule rebelled. Persia and Greece started fighting. This began a series of wars, which are known as the Persian Wars. Where did they meet first? _Plain of Marathon_ Who won? _Greeks__ What Olympic event is named for this battle and why? Marathon- b/c a messenger allegedly ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to announce their victory! 8. Complete the following chart: (See p. 265 #4 for directions.) BATTLE DATE ARMIES WINNER RESULT Battle of Marathon 510 BC Greeks & Persians Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC Battle of Salamis Immediately follows Battle of Thermopylae Greeks (Spartans/ Athenians now join together) & Persians Greeks & Persians Battle of Plataea Immediately follows Battle of Salamis Greeks & Persians Greeks (won b/c they had better weapons & clever leaders) Persians Persians withdrew. This marked the start of the Persian Wars. Greeks Greeks sank Persian ships b/c they couldn’t steer well in the narrow strait Ended the Persian Wars. The Persians Greeks Persians went on to burn Athens after defeating the Spartans were defeated & left Greece. 9. Do “Interpreting Maps” on p. 264. Answer Q. #1-2. 1) near Sparta & Athens 2) about 700 miles 10. Complete the chart below. (See p. 265 #4 for directions). LEADER MILITARY OTHER ACCOMPLISHMENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS & FACTS Cyrus the Great Darius I Xerxes I (Darius’ son) Won independence for Persians & conquered the Medes. This victory marked the beginning of the Persian Empire. He conquered much of SW Asia, Mesopotamia, etc… (cavalry & Immortals) Wanted to expand the Persian empire. He conquered the Indus Valley in the east & began to move west into Europe. Vowed revenge on Greeks for assisting some Asian city-states in their revolts. 9 years later he invaded Greece & started the Persian Wars. 10 years after Battle of Marathon, Xerxes tries to conquer Greece again (480 BC). They were ultimately defeated. (See battle chart above). When he died in 529 BC, he ruled the largest empire the world had ever seen. He let the people he conquered keep their own customs. This made them less likely to rebel. He killed all his rivals for power when he came to the throne in Persia. He organized the empire into 20 provinces. Satraps ruled for him. He was Darius’ son. Section 2, Sparta and Athens 1. Complete the key terms & vocabulary for 9.2: *Peloponnesian War- _______________________________________________ *Alliance- ________________________________________________________ 2. Complete a venn diagram on Sparta and Athens. Include similarities / differences in military, government, education, boys/men & girls/women. Similarities: Greek language & religion; more rights for men than women, powerful armies. MILITARY EDUCATION GOVERNMENT WOMEN SPARTA Main Limited to the Ruled by 2 kings Had rights but element in basics; focuses who jointly led the men had society on physical army. Elected more, owned education, officials actually land, received spoke Greek held more power. physical training ATHENS Limited Wealthy boys Democratic Few rights, not service (men were educated; government educated only had to emphasized join 2 years); more than just focused on physical arts too. education, spoke Greek 3. What is the war between Sparta and Athens called? _Peloponnesian War_ What are the dates of this war? ___431 BC – 404 BC____ Why was it called this? ____It took place on the Peloponnesus.______ 4. Why did many city-states form an alliance against Athens? ____They did this because Athens started treating them like subjects instead of members of an alliance.____ 5. Do “Interpreting Maps” on p. 270. Answer Q. #1-2 1) Athens 2) About 600 miles Section 3, Alexander the Great 1. Complete the key terms & vocabulary for 9.3: *Phillip II- ________________________________________________________ *Phalanx- ________________________________________________________ *Alexander the Great- ______________________________________________ *Hellenistic- ______________________________________________________ 2. Who became king of Macedonia in 359 BC? _Philip II_ Who was his main target initially?_Greece_What did this lead to eventually? __Few Greeks responded to Athens’ plea to fight. Athens & Thebes were defeated & the rest of the Greeks agreed to let Philip II be their leader.____ 3. What was Philip II’s 2nd target? _Persia_ Was he successful? _No_ Why or why not?_He was assassinated in 336 BC at his daughter’s wedding.__ 4. How did Philip II improve the phalanx? He made the spears of the Macedonians’ longer than his opponents’ spears. 5. Who became king after Philip II? __Alexander the Great__ 6. Complete the table below as you read about Alexander the Great. ALEXANDER THE GREAT PLACES HE HOW DID HE SPREAD CONQUERED GREEK CULTURE? Asia Minor By founding cities in the lands he conquered & modeling them after the cities in Greece. Egypt He built temples & theaters like the ones found in Greece. Persian Empire He encouraged Greek settlers to move to his new cities. They spoke Greek & this became common throughout the empire. KINGDOMS CREATED OUT OF HIS DEATH Macedonia Syria Egypt 7. What year did Alexander the Great die? _323 BC_ How old was he? _33_ 8. Why were the 3 kingdoms created after his death called Hellenistic? Because they were not Greek, but they were Greek-like. 9. Do “Interpreting Maps” on p. 275. Answer Q. #1-2. 1) About 3,300 miles 2) Aegean Sea, Nile River, Tigris River & Euphrates River, Indus River, Oxus River ENRICHMENT: 1. How might history have been different if Alexander had not died so young? He may have continued to conquer various areas and expand his empire. 2. Why did the Persians & the Greeks react differently to the end of the Persian Wars? (9.1) The Persians were obviously humiliated and upset that they lost all of their empire to the Greeks. The Greeks were happy to be able to regain control of their city-states without Persian interference. Section 4, Greek Achievements 1. Complete the key terms & vocabulary for 9.4: *Socrates- _______________________________________________________ *Plato- __________________________________________________________ *Aristotle- ________________________________________________________ *Reason- ________________________________________________________ *Euclid- __________________________________________________________ *Hippocrates- _____________________________________________________ 2. The ancient Greeks had achievements in the arts, philosophy and science. Complete the chart below by naming 3 achievements under each. THE ARTS PHILOSOPHY-p.283 SCIENCE Architecture (Parthenon – Around 500 BC, a few Greek scientists were in Athens- see p.278) people started looking for inspired by Aristotle. explanations instead of worshipping gods & goddesses. Statues (very talented Philosophers believe in Mathematics – included sculptors) & Paintings the power of the human areas of geography, (black & red-main colors) mind to think, explain & astronomy & geometry. understand life. (see p. 282) Writing (created They wanted to learn Med & engineering– drama/plays & history) how the human mind studied human body, how works & how people to cure diseases, make decisions about inventions (toys, puppets, behavior. water screws) 3. Complete the chart below by telling why each philosopher or scientist was important. IMPORTANT PERSON: DESCRIPTION OF ACHIEVEMENT/CONTRIBUTION: SOCRATES Believed that people must never stop looking for (Philosopher) knowledge (Socratic Method). He taught by asking questions. He wanted people to think & question their own beliefs. He was arrested & condemned to death for questioning the authority of the gods. PLATO Student of Socrates, created a school (The Academy) for (Philosopher) students, philosophers & scientists to discuss ideas. He proposed a model for a perfect society. He wrote The Republic. ARISTOTLE Possibly the greatest Greek thinker/philosopher; Plato’s (Philosopher) student. People should live in moderation- find a balance. Moderation is based on reason. People should think about how their actions will affect others. He made advances in logic (process of making inferences). EUCLID One of the world’s greatest mathematicians. From (Scientist) Alexandria, Egypt. Most influential in geometry. HIPPOCRATES The greatest Greek doctor. He wanted to figure out what (Scientist) caused diseases so he could better treat them. He is best known for his ideas on how doctors should behave (Hippocratic Oath). 4. Do “Analyzing Primary Sources” Q. on p. 280. 1) “Be quiet then, and have patience.” 5. Define the word reason-______clear & ordered thinking._