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ACCELERATED BIOLOGY EVOLUTION REVIEW
1. Charles Darwin sailed to the Galapagos Islands to study species. He is known as the Father of Evolution for proposing
Natural Selection is the mechanism that explains how species change over time.
2. Darwin also proposed that organisms struggle to survive. What do organisms compete over? List three examples.
a. Food/Water
b. Shelter,/Living space
c. Mates
3. Fitness refers to an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment .
4. Match each mechanism of evolution with the correct definition.
2 a . Genetic Drift
1. Individuals with certain traits are better able to survive and reproduce .
4 b. Gene Flow
2. Change caused by chance.
1 c. Natural Selection
3. Humans select individuals with certain traits and selectively breed those individuals .
3 d. Artificial Selection
4. Change due to migration.
5. Natural selection requires what three things?
a. Variation
b. Differential Reproduction
c. Heritibility
6. What is an adaptation? Any characteristic or behavior that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment
7. Three types of adaptations are Structural, Physiological, and Behavioral
8. What is the difference between mimicry and camouflage? These are types of structural adaptations. Camouflage allows an
organism to blend into its environment. Mimicry allows a non-lethal or toxic organism to look like a lethal or toxic organism.
9. Stabilizing selection favors the average or middle individuals in a population (the extremes are not favored) .
10. Disruptive selection favors the two extremes of a population (the middle or average is not favored) .
11. Directional selection favors one extreme of a population.
12. The five types of evidence for evolution are Fossils, Homologous structures, Vestigial structures, Embryology, and Biochemistry.
13. Explain how biochemistry (DNA and RNA) provides evidence for evolution . The more DNA the organisms have in common, the
more closely related they are, or the more recent the common ancestor is. DNA/RNA is the best source for evolutionary
relatedness.
14. The study of embryos, called embryology, shows us the similarities in the earliest stages of development between different
species. For instance, humans have gill slits and a tail which disappear as we develop into fetuses.
15. Homologous structures are anatomical features that are similar in different organisms and have evolved from a common ancestor .
What is an example of this? Forearm bones of different organisms…
16. A human appendix and a whale pelvis are examples of vestigial structures. They no longer have a function or purpose.
17. Analogous structures are features that have similar function, but have evolved independently. They are/are not (circle one) used
to show evolutionary relationships. This will NOT be on the test!
18. What is speciation? Evolution of one or more species from a single ancestor
19. Speciation occurs through Reproductive isolation.
20. Four methods for reproductive isolation to occur are: Geographic isolation, Behavioral isolation, Mechanical isolation, and
Temporal isolation.
21. Eastern and western meadowlarks are similar birds whose habitats overlap . But, members of the two species will not mate with
each other, partly because they use different songs to attract mates. Eastern meadowlarks don't respond to western meadowlark
songs, and vice versa. What type of isolation does this describe? Behavioral
22. Explain how the different species of the Galapagos finches may have evolved. Genetic drift may have occurred and a protion of
the population arrived on the island. Those with a beak shape that allowed the finch to eat the type of food available, were able to
survive, reproduce , and pass on their particular beak shape. Those whose beak shape did not allow the finch to eat the type of
food, did not survive or reproduce, and pass on that beak shape. This process was repeated on the other islands. The food varied
by island, so the beaks were different on each island as well.
23. What do cladograms/phylogenetic trees show? The trees show evolutionary relatedness among organisms.
24. Which type of mutation has the greater potential to affect the evolution of a population: a mutation to a body cell or a mutation to
an egg cell? Explain. A mutation in a body cell will not affect the next generation since it is not passed on the offspring. A
mutation in an egg cell definitely will affect the next generation. Egg and sperm cells are the only cells in the body that are
passed on to offspring
25. A botanist identifies two distinct species of violets growing in a field . Also in the field are several other types of violets that,
although somewhat similar to the two known species, appear to be new species . Develop a hypothesis explaining how the new
species may have originated. These new violets may have a mutation in their DNA that allows them to live in an area of the field
where none existed before. More and more will survive each generation.
26. We construct cladograms based on physical features, which shows us evolutionary relationships or relatedness.
27. Each fork in the cladogram shows a speciation event as well as a common ancestor
28. The two types of organisms left out of the Biological Species concept are asexually reproducing and extinct
29. After about 50,000 years, objects cannot be accurately dated using carbon dating.
TRUE/FALSE: If the statement is false, you must correct it to make it true .
False 1. Individuals cannot evolve within their lifetimes.
False 2. A turtle evolves a brown shell to blend in with the bushes. This is an example of camouflage.
False 3. A horse mates with a donkey to produce a mule. The mule is viable, but sterile (not fertile). A mule is a not a species.
False 4. A species of locusts has developed a resistance to pesticides and is destroying crops. This is an example of a physiological
adaptation.
False 6. A mountain range forms and separates a population of salamanders. Over time, the population evolves into two separate
species. This is an example of geographic isolation.
False 7. Over time, some individuals of a population of birds evolve different mating dances . A male and a female approach each other
and begin their mating dance, but quickly stop when they do not match up. Eventually, they become two different species due
to behavioral isolation.
False 8. In a forest, there is a population of beetles in which 50% are blue and 50% are maize . A tree falls and kills all of the maize
beetles. Over time, the population evolves to be 100% blue. This is an example of genetic drift.
False 9. Birds and butterflies have evolved wings to fly. They have the same function, but have evolved independently. This is an
analogous structure and we can show evolutionary relationships from it.
False 10. According to biochemical evidence for evolution, we can compare DNA or RNA of different species to see how similar
they are. For instance, humans and chimpanzees share 99% of their DNA and are therefore closely related.
False 11. Natural selection does not act on individuals, but populations evolve.
SHORT ANSWER
1. On a small island, there is a population of hummingbirds with various beak lengths, from
very short to very long. Hummingbirds use their beaks to reach into a flower and drink its
nectar. A tsunami comes along and wipes out a large majority of flowering plants, leaving
only flowers that look like those on the right, where the birds must reach deep into the flower
to obtain nectar. Explain which type of natural selection will occur (Stabilizing, Disruptive,
or Directional). Draw the graph of the resulting population and label the graphs axes . (HINT:
one axis is % Population, the other is Beak Length) Directional selection because almost all
but the very long beaks will be eliminated.
% population
2.
3.
4.
Very short
very long
Beak length
Suppose a population of grasshoppers inhabits a sandy area. This population includes a variety of grasshoppers. Most of
them are tan in color, but some of the grasshoppers are green. Over time, the sandy area becomes grown over by an invasive
species of green plant. List Darwin’s ideas for natural selection. Now, use these ideas to explain how the population of
grasshoppers would change from mostly tan to mostly green over time.
1. There is variation in a species – there are both tan and green grasshoppers.
2. Some variations are beneficial- At first, the tan color is beneficial because they are camouflaged with the sand. Once the
invasive plant comes into the environment, green is not a beneficial color and not tan.
3. Those with the beneficial variation survive, reproduce, and pass on the variation. Most of the population is tan when the
environment is sandy. They blend in and don’t get eaten, so are able to reproduce and more organisms survive that pass on
the tan color. Not very many green ones survive, but a few. Once the plant invades, now green is blending in and not tan.
More tan ones get eaten, so less survive to pass on the tan color. Now the green ones blend in , so more of the green survive
and pass on the green color.
In the summer of 1995, 15 iguanas survived Hurricane Marilyn on a raft of uprooted trees. They rode the high seas for a
month before colonizing the Caribbean island, Anguilla. These few individuals were the first of their species, Iguana iguana,
to reach the island. Is this population of iguanas a new species? Justify your answer. No. This is an example of genetic drift.
However, if the iguanas continue to live on this new island, they will compete with native species for a niche. If they have
more favorable adaptations, the iguanas will survive and reproduce quickly in the new areas. Then, this population could
become a separate species from the ORIGINAL population over time also due to geographic isolation.
How much carbon-14 would remain in an 11, 540 year old fossil? ½ or 50% because 11, 540 years is two half-lives.
5.
A paleontologist determines that a particular fossil has 1/8 of the amount of carbon-14 that was present at the time the
organism died. How old is the fossil estimated to be? 1/8 is 3 half-lives, so 3 times 5,770 is 17, 310 years.
6.
A paleontologist determines that a particular fossil has 50g of carbon 12 in it. They also measured the amount of carbon 14
and found it only had 25g. How old is the fossil? The fossil has ½ of the original amount of carbon, so that is one half-life…
5, 770 years.
Amino acids in primates
LORIS
UUA
GUG
UUU
AAU
GGU
GUC
CCU
AGC
GGA
CHIMPANZEE
UUA
GUA
UUA
AUU
GAC
GAC
CCU
AGC
GAG
HUMAN
UUA
UGG
UUA
AUU
GAC
GUC
CCU
ACC
GAG
7.
How many amino acids differ in the sequence between:
a. the loris and a human- 6 (count each sequence of 3 letters)
b. the chimp and a human- 3
8.
Create a phylogenetic tree which represents the information
given in the amino acid chart.
Lorus
Chimpanzee
Human
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Antibiotics are designed to kill certain species of bacteria, but scientists must continually develop new antibiotics to combat
bacterial infections. What is the best explanation for why this is necessary?
a. Bacteria have evolved through geographic isolation so the old antibiotics are no longer effective.
b. Bacteria have evolved through reproductive isolation so the old antibiotics are no longer effective.
c. Bacteria have evolved resistance to antibiotics through natural selection so the old antibiotics are no longer effective.
d. Bacteria cannot evolve, but the scientists are trying to make more money.
2.
A farmer notices that he has a wheat plant that grows at an incredibly fast rate. He chooses this plant and only breeds this one.
This is an example of:
a. Natural Selection b. Direct Selection
c. Artificial Selection
d. None of the above
3.
You are back in the Antilles studying Anolis lizards, attempting to re-create your first study. Once again, you find that species
living on the same island are more closely related than those with similar bodies on different islands. This demonstrates speciation
through
a. geographic isolation
b. genetic drift
c. mechanical isolation
d. spontaneous generation
4.
An evolutionary biologist is studying the evolutionary history for several different species of starfish. She must examine which of
the following to understand the evolution of these starfish?
a. Biochemistry
b. Fossils
c. Anatomy
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. a, b, and c
5.
You are doing a paperclip lab in biology class. In this lab, there are 50 paperclips of different colors spread out on a blue
background. You count the paperclips and record your data in the table below. You have 10 seconds to pick up as many clips as
possible. After doing so, you count the paperclips again and record your data in the table below.
PAPERCLIP COLOR
# OF CLIPS BEFORE PICKING UP
# OF CLIPS AFTER PICKING UP
Orange
10
4
Green
10
5
Blue
10
9
Yellow
10
2
White
10
1
What is the best explanation for the results?
a. The blue paperclips were camouflaged to blend in with the background.
b. The blue paperclips mimicked the background.
c. The blue paperclips had a physiological adaptation that allowed them to repel your hands.
d. The blue paperclips mated and produced more blue paperclips.