* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download phrases
Antisymmetry wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sloppy identity wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
American Sign Language grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Relative clause wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Preposition and postposition wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Determiner phrase wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
PHRASES A phrase is a group of words that together communicate a meaning to a group of people. Phrases are a very basic way to organize words. When we speak, it is very common to communicate in phrases rather than complete sentences, especially with people we know well. On the other hand, when we write for academic purposes, we almost never use phrases alone. They must be part of a complete sentence. The “prepositional phrase” is a very common kind of phrase. A prepositional phrase often adds information about when or where something happened. I ate breakfast in my kitchen at 5:30 in the morning. A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and always includes a noun. The main noun in a prepositional phrase is called the object of the preposition. Prepositional phrases s how the relationship between the object of the preposition and the other words in the sentence. Some teachers and textbooks use other names for prepositional phrases or divide them into categories. CLAUSES A clause is a group of words that has meaning together and does include its own subject and verb. Dependent clauses are clauses that cannot stand alone as a sentence. Independent clauses are clauses that can stand alone as a complete thought. Independent clauses are also called main clauses. definition, at least one independent clause. All sentences include, by Clauses can be adverb clauses, adjective clauses and noun clauses. Time clauses and if clauses are examples of adverb clauses. Time clauses tell when something happened. When you get home, I’ll call you. When a sentence refers to the future in the main clause, the if clause usually uses the simple present. We’ll go to the park if I get done early. If you don’t study, you’ll fail this class. (There are other if clauses that don’t follow this pattern.) When a main (independent) clause refers to the past, the verb in the time clause is also using a past tense. I ate breakfast when I woke up. When a main clause refers to a future action, the verb in the time clause is usually in the simple present form. When I get home, I’ll call you. I am going home when I finish working. A time clause can go before or after the main clause in a sentence. If you put a time clause before the main clause, put a comma after the time clause. If you put the time clause after the main clause, don’t use a comma between the two clauses. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Adjective clauses have the same job as adjectives – they describe nouns. Although most English adjectives go before the noun they describe or after to be, adjective clauses usually go after the noun they describe. Adjective clauses often start with the relative pronouns who, which, or that. However, these words are not always necessary. The man who owns that house is a millionaire. The man I met yesterday is rich. NOUN CLAUSES Noun clauses do the same thing as nouns. SENTENCES A sentence is a group of words that form a complete thought. (Chapter 1) Complete sentences must include a subject and a verb that agree. Subject-Verb Agreement means that the verb is in the correct form according to the rules of tense and person. I walk. You walk. He walks. The verb “walk” does not “agree” with the pronoun “he” in the simple present tense. The correct verb is walks. When an editor proofreads a document, he or she often points out errors in subjectverb agreement are often noted by writing SVA above the sentence. In imperative sentences, no subject is written, but the subject is called the “understood you.” (Chapter 4) Sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a period, question mark or exclamation point. (Chapter 1) Groups of words that are not sentences may be called fragments, phrases, clauses or other terms. A compound sentence is a sentence that combines two independent clauses with a connector. Compound sentences can be more interesting and descriptive than simple sentences,, but can also become “run on” sentences. A “run-on” sentence contains more than one complete thought and reduces the quality of your writing. A complex sentence is a sentence that includes an independent clause and a dependent clause. Complex sentences can be more interesting and informative than simple sentences. Using complex sentences properly can improve your score on the WOW final exam and the COMPASS exam. QUESTIONS (AZAR CHAPTER 5) WOW1: Plan an interview with a famous person you want to know about. Write 20 questions that you might ask him or her. Use a variety of the question forms listed below and in Azar Chapter 5. A question is a group of words that asks for information from another person Most questions are complete sentences. The word order for questions is very different from word order for affirmative sentences. In speaking, we raise our voice at the end of a question to show it is a question. In writing, we put a question mark at the end to show a question. There are several kinds of questions. Most questions are either yes/no or information question. Yes/No questions invite an answer that includes yes or no. Yes/No questions usually begin with a verb – to be, or a form of to do Information questions often begin with “WH” question words. WH question words are who, what, when, where, why and more Many question words can be part of a contraction with the verb of the sentence. “How come” is a popular American idiom for “why.” Tag Questions When & What time Who & Whose Which & What How How much & how many How far, how long, how busy, how old, etc. What + do + How about & what about Tag questions Embedded questions