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Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Aims:
 Analyze chemical composition of living things
 Differentiate four types of biological molecules in terms of monomers, structure and function
 Explain how structure of molecules relates to their function
Agenda:
 TWPS
 Molecule Madness
 Element Exploration
 Debrief
 Class Poll
Engage: Ask students “What are you made of?” If students mention some of the CHNOPS elements,
hold up coal, sulfur powder, clear vial of hydrogen, etc. Ask “If these are the chemicals you are made
of, then why don’t you look like this? Also, why don’t all of you look alike?” Elicit that the same
chemical elements are combined in different ways, forming many molecules with different
appearances and functions. Explain that today we will explore the question of what we are made of,
to help us better understand the role of chemicals in the battle for survival.
Explore:
 Molecular Madness: Students work in groups of 2-3 at each station to complete the table.
 Elemental Exploration: Students work individually to complete the table analysis & web activity
Explain
 How are all four macromolecules similar?
 How are they different?
 How does form relate to function?
 T or F: Fat is bad.
 Why are carbohydrates and lipids good at energy storage?
 Check for understanding with polleverywhere.com
Extend
 Labeling, matching, identification
Evaluate: Biological Polymers for Dummies/Microscope Observations
Homework: Annotate 3.7-3.9, 3.11
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Do Now
1.
Open your netbook. If necessary, sign using studentaechs as the generic username AND
password.
2.
Chemicals contain energy. Based on the diagram below, where is the energy in chemicals
actually found?
3.
Which is a polymer and which is a monomer? How do you know?
4.
Identify the process shown below and explain how you know.
5. Identify the process shown below and explain how you know.
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
What are you MADE of?
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Molecule Madness
Work in pairs to complete the table below using the molecular models and information at each station. Note the relative size of each
molecule; each is constructed on the same scale and magnified 2,000,000 times.
Polymer
Elements
Carbohydrate
C, H, O
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
Monomer
Examples
How does form relate to function?
fatty acid
(hydrocarbon
chain)
DNA
RNA
Protein
Water
The polarity of water allows it to dissolve
molecules of cells and form hydrogen bonds
so that ice will float and insulate life
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Elemental Exploration
1. Annotate the table below and answer the following questions:
Composition of the Earth’s Crust (%)
Composition of the Human Body (%)
Oxygen
47
Oxygen
65
Silicon
28
Carbon
18
Aluminum
8.1
Hydrogen
9.5
Iron
4.5
Nitrogen
3.4
Calcium
3.5
Calcium
1.5
Sodium
2.8
Phosphorus
1.0
Potassium
2.5
Potassium
0.35
Magnesium
2.1
Sulfur
0.25
Titanium
0.46
Sodium
0.15
Hydrogen
0.22
Magnesium
0.05
Carbon
0.19
All others
<0.80
All others
<0.1
a) Describe three major differences between the make-up of nonliving things, such as the
earth’s crust, and the make-up of living things, such as the human body.
b) Propose an explanation for the large amount of hydrogen and oxygen in the human
body.
c) Propose an explanation for the large amount of carbon in the human body.
2. Annotate the following background information and THEN complete Process
Are Space Rocks Analyzed for Signs of Life? (2.1) at www.MyBiology.com.
of Science: How
Isotopes are different forms of the same element. Three isotopes of carbon occur in nature: carbon-12,
carbon-13, and carbon-14. One of these isotopes, carbon-14, is radioactive. A radioactive isotope is one
that breaks down slowly over time, giving off radiation. When an organism is alive, it takes in carbon
dioxide from the air around it. Most of that carbon dioxide is made of carbon-12, but a tiny portion consists
of carbon-14. When the organism dies, it no longer takes in carbon dioxide. No new carbon-14 is added, and
the old carbon-14 slowly decays into nitrogen. The amount of carbon-14 slowly decreases as time goes on.
The amount of carbon-14 remaining in an organism is a measure, therefore, of how long the organism has
been dead. This method of determining the age of an organism is called carbon-14 dating.
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Exit Slip
Imagine you are looking at a sample of human body tissue through a high-powered scanning
electron microscope. This microscope enables you to see objects as small as atoms and molecules.
Describe what you would observe as you examine the body tissue, and explain the purpose of the
things you observe.
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Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Do Now
1. Open your netbook. It should be on and signed in. If so, proceed to step 3.
2. If it is NOT on, start the netbook, wait for it to connect to WLAN and then sign
on using studentaechs as the username and password
3. Go to the Biology course website at blogs.achievementfirst.org/johnson
4. Read the Aims and Agenda for today.
5. Complete the Molecule Poll.
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
DNA Dilemmas
1. Use the contents of your baggy to construct a DNA molecule and be prepared to explain your
molecule to the class.
2. Annotate the diagram below with your knowledge of nucleic acids.
3. Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen. Annotate the
diagram below. Then explain the relationship between DNA and proteins.
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Application Problems
1. Describe two similarities between the four types of biological polymers.
2. If 10% of the nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule are A(adenine), what is the percentage of
other bases in the molecule? Why?
3. True or False: Fat is bad. Provide evidence to support your answer.
4. Annotate the diagrams below.
5. A student slowly eats a cracker and observes that the cracker initially tasted salty but then later
tastes sweet. Propose an explanation using your knowledge of biological polymers.
6. Explain how lactose intolerance involves three of the four types of biological polymers.
7. A woman’s menstrual cycle is controlled by the steroid hormone estrogen. Explain why a
severely anorexic woman stops menstruating.
8. Explain how sickle cell anemia involves two of the four biological polymers.
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
9. Both carbohydrates and lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Annotate the
diagrams below and then explain how you can distinguish carbohydrates and lipids.
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
Exit Slip
For questions #1-2, refer to the diagram below.
1. What can be concluded from comparing these two pictures?
a. Polymers are easily broken down into their component parts.
b. Neither polymer is found in living things.
c. Both molecules are organic.
d. Linear polymer structures are stronger than ringed polymer structures
e. It takes fewer monomers to form a linear polymer than a ringed polymer.
2. The molecule to the left is an example of
a. An amino acid
b. A sugar
c. A fatty acid
d. A starch
e. A hydrocarbon
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Independent Practice
1. A scientist tests five different specimens, A-E, and finds the following chemicals compounds in
each. Based on the chemical composition, predict whether the specimen is probably living or
nonliving and provide evidence.
A. C6H12O6, H2O, CO2NH2, P, S
B. O2, NO2, CO2
C. NaCl, Mg, C12H24O12, CH2NS
D. Si, Al
E. K, P, C2H4O2, H2O, CH6NO6
2.
Identify the monomer or polymer shown and provide evidence. Then match the monomer to
its polymer.
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
3. Match the monomer to its polymer:
Nucleotide
Amino Acid
Fatty Acid
Sugar
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Carbohydrate
4. Determine whether the statement refers to carbohydrates, lipids, proteins or nucleic acids.
______ Made of sugar molecules
______ Contains nitrogen but not phosphorous
______ Made of nucleotides
______ Contains long hydrocarbon chains
______ Looks like a twisted ladder
______ Made of amino acids
______ Made of fatty acids
______ Made of carbon rings
______ Contains phosphate, sugar and base
______ Chains of hexagons
______ Looks like the letter E
5. Complete the Venn diagram for carbohydrates and lipids with the following terms:
glucose, fatty acids, energy, starch, steroids, chitin, cellulose, cholesterol, disaccharide,
hormones, phospholipid, organic, glycogen, carbon, hydrophobic, hydrophilic
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
6. Battling for Survival: For each problem described below, explain one consequence.
Problem
Consequence
A malnourished child does not
have enough protein in his diet
The child will not grow properly because he does not have
the proteins needed to build muscles or act as enzymes
A person is unable to break
complex carbohydrates down
into glucose
An anorexic person consumes
too little fat
The hemoglobin in a woman’s
red blood cells is sickle-shaped
instead of round
Nuclear radiation causes a
mutation in a man’s DNA
7. Themes: Complete the table below by relating the themes to biological polymers.
Theme
How do polymers illustrate this theme?
Example
Form & Function
The ability of biological polymers to do
their job depends on their structure.
The order of amino acids in a
protein determines the protein’s
shape and therefore its function
Energy Transfer
Regulation
Stasis & Change
8. Organic compounds contain both carbon and hydrogen. Classify each compound as organic
or inorganic and explain why.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
HCl
NaCl
CO2
CH4
C6H12O6
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Test Prep
ANNOTATE each question and use PROCESS OF ELIMINATION to find the correct answer.
1. When placed in the same container, oil and water do not mix because
a. they are both polar.
c. they are both nonpolar.
b. water is polar and oil is nonpolar.
d. water is nonpolar and oil is polar.
2. Which one of the following would be correctly classified as a lipid?
A) cellulose
B) starch
C) cholesterol
D) glucose
3. A disaccharide forms when
A) two monosaccharides join by dehydration synthesis.
B) two starches join by dehydration synthesis.
C) two monosaccharides join by hydrolysis.
D) two starches join by hydrolysis.
4. Which list below consists of only polymers?
A) sugars, amino acids, nucleic acids, lipids
B) proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids
C) proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, polysaccharides
D) proteins, lipids, nucleotides, sugars
5. Which of the following options correctly pairs a polymer and its monomer?
A) cellulose, amino acids
B) lipid, glucose
C) nucleic acid, nucleotides
D) protein, nucleic acids
6. Glucose molecules are to starch as ________ are to proteins.
A) oils
B) amino acids
C) fatty acids
D) monosaccharides
7. In plants the carbohydrate used for storage is ____ while the carbohydrate used for structure is
_______
A) starch . . . cellulose
B) glycogen . . . starch
C) cellulose . . . glycogen
D) glycogen . . . cellulose
E) chitin . . . glycogen
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
More Practice!
The following questions refer to the four groups of biological compounds. For each numbered phrase,
select the lettered heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more
than once or not at all. Each numbered phrase has only ONE correct answer.
a. Proteins
b. Carbohydrates
c. Nucleic Acids
d. Lipids
1. Made of amino acids
2. Used for energy storage
3. Includes starch, chitin, cellulose and glucose
4. Used for insulation in some animals
5. Formed through dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides
6. Formed through dehydration synthesis of fatty acids and glycerol
7. Found in the shell or exoskeleton of crustaceans, insects and fungi
8. Provides cushion for body organs
9. Broken down through hydrolysis of polysaccharides
10. Monomers are nucleotides
11. Broken down through hydrolysis of fat molecules
12. Provides support and structure to plant cell walls
13. An important part of the cell membrane
14. Includes DNA
15. Includes steroids
16. Hydrophobic
17. Glucose is a monomer
18. Can be saturated or unsaturated
19. Found in breads, cereals, fruit and vegetables
20. Found in oil and butter
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Vocabulary
Make flashcards for the vocabulary terms list below using your class notes, text notes and textbook.
Model your cards after the following example, which includes the term, a diagram, the chapter, the
big picture, a definition/description, and example.
Adhesion
Chapter 2
A property of water that enables life
The clinging of two different substances
through hydrogen bonds or attractions
Ex: water clings to glass or paper towel
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Metabolism
Homeostasis
Cell
Polar
Nonpolar
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Ion
Adhesion
Cohesion
Surface tension
Density
Solvent
Carbohydrate
Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide
Lipid
Fatty acid
Steroid
Protein
Amino acid
Nucleic acid
Nucleotide
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Exit Slip
For questions #1-2, refer to the diagram below.
3. What can be concluded from comparing these two pictures?
a. Polymers are easily broken down into their component parts.
b. The same number of carbon atoms may be arranged in various ways.
c. Linear polymer structures are stronger than ringed polymer structures
d. It takes fewer monomers to form a linear polymer than a ringed polymer.
4. The molecule to the right is an example of
a. An amino acid
b. A sugar
c. A fatty acid
d. A starch
5. During protein synthesis, the polymer increases in size by adding:
a. ATP
b. Enzymes
c. amino acids
d. carbon
6. Imagine you writing “An Idiot’s Guide to Biological Polymers” or “Biological Polymers for
Dummies.” You should clearly and simply compare the structures of the four types of biological
compounds. Identify similarities, differences, and the monomers. Diagrams would be very
helpful.
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Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Do Now
1.
Match the monomers to the polymers shown.
2.
Fill in the blanks: In a ____________________ bond, valence electrons are shared between two
nonmetals. In a ____________________ bond, valence electrons are transferred from a metal to a
nonmetal.
3.
Write the molecular formula for the following compound:
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Activity 1: Modeling Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate compounds are an important source of energy for all organisms. This activity will enable
you to model carbohydrates and show how polymerization can join two monosaccharides (simple
sugars) to form a disaccharide (double sugar) that eventually becomes a polymer such as starch.
1. Place the black carbon atoms & white hydrogen atoms into one part of the petri dish. Why do
the carbon atoms have four projections? Why do the hydrogen atoms have one projection?
2. Place the red oxygen atoms into a second compartment of the petri dish.
3. Place the white tubes into a third compartment of the petri dish. The tubes will be used to join
the atoms. What do these tubes represent?
4. One of the most important is the monosaccharide glucose, a ringstructured compound. Build a model of glucose (shown at right).
a. Begin your model with the oxygen atom in the ring and work
your way clockwise around the ring, building from carbon #1
to carbon #6.
b. Then add the other carbons, hydrogen, and oxygens to the
central ring.
5. Write the molecular formula of glucose. Hint: count the number of
each type of atom.
6. If glucose is not immediately used for energy, it can be stored as starch. Starch is a polymer
made of monomers of glucose. The joining of two glucose molecules is the first step to building
a starch.
a. Build a second glucose molecule like the one in step 4.
b. On the left glucose molecule, remove the hydrogen from the OH group at carbon #1,
leaving a dangling covalent bond (white bond).
c. On the right glucose molecule, remove the entire OH group at carbon #4, including the
bond (white tube).
d. Join the dangling covalent bond from carbon #1 of the left glucose molecule to the
carbon #4 of the right glucose molecule.
7. Take the hydrogen you removed during step #6a and join it to the OH you removed during
step #6c. What molecule do you have?
8. This type of polymerization is known as dehydration synthesis. Why is that a good name?
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Activity 2: Modeling Amino Acids, the Building Blocks of Proteins
This activity will model amino acids and show how two amino acid molecules can combine to form a
dipeptide, the first of many repeating units that make up a polypeptide.
1. Place the blue nitrogen atoms in one compartment of the petri dish. Why does the nitrogen
atom have 3 projections?
2. Attach an oxygen atom to a carbon atom with a double bond. Attach an –OH
group to the same carbon. This is called a carboxyl acid group (see right).
3. Attach two hydrogen atoms to one nitrogen atom. This is called an amino group.
4. Attach the carboxyl group and the amino group to
a new carbon atom along with a hydrogen atom.
All amino acids share this basic structure. They differ
only by the atom or groups of atoms indicated by
the symbol R. There are twenty amino acids found in
nature.
5. Attach a hydrogen atom to the central carbon. You have
created the simplest amino acid – glycine (see below).
6. Using the formula below, build a model of alanine, another amino acid.
7. Place the models of glycine and alanine side by side. Remove an H from the amino group of
alanine (leaving the bond) and remove the –OH group from the carbon in the carbyxyl group
of glycine, including the bond. Connect the carbon of glycine to the nitrogen of alanine. This
bond is called a peptide bond, and the two joined amino acids are a dipeptide. What would
you call a chain of several amino acids?
8. Take the OH group and the H atom that you removed and join them. What molecule is this?
9. Why is the joining of amino acids together known as dehydration synthesis?
Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Analysis
1. What term describes a simple sugar such as glucose?
2. What term would describe several sugars joined together?
3. How are sugar and starch similar? Different?
4. What type of polymerization joins sugars together and joins amino acids together?
5. In which class of organic compound would you find a peptide bond?
6. In order to build organic polymers, water is removed from the monomers. Propose a hypothesis
for how organic polymers are broken down into monomers.
Exit Slip
For questions #1-2, refer to the diagram below.
7. What can be concluded from comparing these two pictures?
a. Polymers are easily broken down into their component parts.
b. The same number of carbon atoms may be arranged in various ways.
c. Linear polymer structures are stronger than ringed polymer structures
d. It takes fewer monomers to form a linear polymer than a ringed polymer.
8. The molecule to the right is an example of
a. An amino acid
b. A sugar
c. A fatty acid
d. A starch
9. During protein synthesis, a peptide chain increases by adding:
a. ATP
b. Enzymes
c. amino acids
d. carbon