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Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Aims: Analyze chemical composition of living things Differentiate four types of biological molecules in terms of monomers, structure and function Explain how structure of molecules relates to their function Agenda: TWPS Molecule Madness Element Exploration Debrief Class Poll Engage: Ask students “What are you made of?” If students mention some of the CHNOPS elements, hold up coal, sulfur powder, clear vial of hydrogen, etc. Ask “If these are the chemicals you are made of, then why don’t you look like this? Also, why don’t all of you look alike?” Elicit that the same chemical elements are combined in different ways, forming many molecules with different appearances and functions. Explain that today we will explore the question of what we are made of, to help us better understand the role of chemicals in the battle for survival. Explore: Molecular Madness: Students work in groups of 2-3 at each station to complete the table. Elemental Exploration: Students work individually to complete the table analysis & web activity Explain How are all four macromolecules similar? How are they different? How does form relate to function? T or F: Fat is bad. Why are carbohydrates and lipids good at energy storage? Check for understanding with polleverywhere.com Extend Labeling, matching, identification Evaluate: Biological Polymers for Dummies/Microscope Observations Homework: Annotate 3.7-3.9, 3.11 Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Do Now 1. Open your netbook. If necessary, sign using studentaechs as the generic username AND password. 2. Chemicals contain energy. Based on the diagram below, where is the energy in chemicals actually found? 3. Which is a polymer and which is a monomer? How do you know? 4. Identify the process shown below and explain how you know. 5. Identify the process shown below and explain how you know. Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES What are you MADE of? Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Molecule Madness Work in pairs to complete the table below using the molecular models and information at each station. Note the relative size of each molecule; each is constructed on the same scale and magnified 2,000,000 times. Polymer Elements Carbohydrate C, H, O Lipid Nucleic Acid Monomer Examples How does form relate to function? fatty acid (hydrocarbon chain) DNA RNA Protein Water The polarity of water allows it to dissolve molecules of cells and form hydrogen bonds so that ice will float and insulate life Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Elemental Exploration 1. Annotate the table below and answer the following questions: Composition of the Earth’s Crust (%) Composition of the Human Body (%) Oxygen 47 Oxygen 65 Silicon 28 Carbon 18 Aluminum 8.1 Hydrogen 9.5 Iron 4.5 Nitrogen 3.4 Calcium 3.5 Calcium 1.5 Sodium 2.8 Phosphorus 1.0 Potassium 2.5 Potassium 0.35 Magnesium 2.1 Sulfur 0.25 Titanium 0.46 Sodium 0.15 Hydrogen 0.22 Magnesium 0.05 Carbon 0.19 All others <0.80 All others <0.1 a) Describe three major differences between the make-up of nonliving things, such as the earth’s crust, and the make-up of living things, such as the human body. b) Propose an explanation for the large amount of hydrogen and oxygen in the human body. c) Propose an explanation for the large amount of carbon in the human body. 2. Annotate the following background information and THEN complete Process Are Space Rocks Analyzed for Signs of Life? (2.1) at www.MyBiology.com. of Science: How Isotopes are different forms of the same element. Three isotopes of carbon occur in nature: carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14. One of these isotopes, carbon-14, is radioactive. A radioactive isotope is one that breaks down slowly over time, giving off radiation. When an organism is alive, it takes in carbon dioxide from the air around it. Most of that carbon dioxide is made of carbon-12, but a tiny portion consists of carbon-14. When the organism dies, it no longer takes in carbon dioxide. No new carbon-14 is added, and the old carbon-14 slowly decays into nitrogen. The amount of carbon-14 slowly decreases as time goes on. The amount of carbon-14 remaining in an organism is a measure, therefore, of how long the organism has been dead. This method of determining the age of an organism is called carbon-14 dating. Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Exit Slip Imagine you are looking at a sample of human body tissue through a high-powered scanning electron microscope. This microscope enables you to see objects as small as atoms and molecules. Describe what you would observe as you examine the body tissue, and explain the purpose of the things you observe. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Do Now 1. Open your netbook. It should be on and signed in. If so, proceed to step 3. 2. If it is NOT on, start the netbook, wait for it to connect to WLAN and then sign on using studentaechs as the username and password 3. Go to the Biology course website at blogs.achievementfirst.org/johnson 4. Read the Aims and Agenda for today. 5. Complete the Molecule Poll. Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES DNA Dilemmas 1. Use the contents of your baggy to construct a DNA molecule and be prepared to explain your molecule to the class. 2. Annotate the diagram below with your knowledge of nucleic acids. 3. Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen. Annotate the diagram below. Then explain the relationship between DNA and proteins. Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Application Problems 1. Describe two similarities between the four types of biological polymers. 2. If 10% of the nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule are A(adenine), what is the percentage of other bases in the molecule? Why? 3. True or False: Fat is bad. Provide evidence to support your answer. 4. Annotate the diagrams below. 5. A student slowly eats a cracker and observes that the cracker initially tasted salty but then later tastes sweet. Propose an explanation using your knowledge of biological polymers. 6. Explain how lactose intolerance involves three of the four types of biological polymers. 7. A woman’s menstrual cycle is controlled by the steroid hormone estrogen. Explain why a severely anorexic woman stops menstruating. 8. Explain how sickle cell anemia involves two of the four biological polymers. Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 9. Both carbohydrates and lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Annotate the diagrams below and then explain how you can distinguish carbohydrates and lipids. CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS Exit Slip For questions #1-2, refer to the diagram below. 1. What can be concluded from comparing these two pictures? a. Polymers are easily broken down into their component parts. b. Neither polymer is found in living things. c. Both molecules are organic. d. Linear polymer structures are stronger than ringed polymer structures e. It takes fewer monomers to form a linear polymer than a ringed polymer. 2. The molecule to the left is an example of a. An amino acid b. A sugar c. A fatty acid d. A starch e. A hydrocarbon Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Independent Practice 1. A scientist tests five different specimens, A-E, and finds the following chemicals compounds in each. Based on the chemical composition, predict whether the specimen is probably living or nonliving and provide evidence. A. C6H12O6, H2O, CO2NH2, P, S B. O2, NO2, CO2 C. NaCl, Mg, C12H24O12, CH2NS D. Si, Al E. K, P, C2H4O2, H2O, CH6NO6 2. Identify the monomer or polymer shown and provide evidence. Then match the monomer to its polymer. Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 3. Match the monomer to its polymer: Nucleotide Amino Acid Fatty Acid Sugar Protein Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Carbohydrate 4. Determine whether the statement refers to carbohydrates, lipids, proteins or nucleic acids. ______ Made of sugar molecules ______ Contains nitrogen but not phosphorous ______ Made of nucleotides ______ Contains long hydrocarbon chains ______ Looks like a twisted ladder ______ Made of amino acids ______ Made of fatty acids ______ Made of carbon rings ______ Contains phosphate, sugar and base ______ Chains of hexagons ______ Looks like the letter E 5. Complete the Venn diagram for carbohydrates and lipids with the following terms: glucose, fatty acids, energy, starch, steroids, chitin, cellulose, cholesterol, disaccharide, hormones, phospholipid, organic, glycogen, carbon, hydrophobic, hydrophilic Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 6. Battling for Survival: For each problem described below, explain one consequence. Problem Consequence A malnourished child does not have enough protein in his diet The child will not grow properly because he does not have the proteins needed to build muscles or act as enzymes A person is unable to break complex carbohydrates down into glucose An anorexic person consumes too little fat The hemoglobin in a woman’s red blood cells is sickle-shaped instead of round Nuclear radiation causes a mutation in a man’s DNA 7. Themes: Complete the table below by relating the themes to biological polymers. Theme How do polymers illustrate this theme? Example Form & Function The ability of biological polymers to do their job depends on their structure. The order of amino acids in a protein determines the protein’s shape and therefore its function Energy Transfer Regulation Stasis & Change 8. Organic compounds contain both carbon and hydrogen. Classify each compound as organic or inorganic and explain why. A. B. C. D. E. HCl NaCl CO2 CH4 C6H12O6 Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Test Prep ANNOTATE each question and use PROCESS OF ELIMINATION to find the correct answer. 1. When placed in the same container, oil and water do not mix because a. they are both polar. c. they are both nonpolar. b. water is polar and oil is nonpolar. d. water is nonpolar and oil is polar. 2. Which one of the following would be correctly classified as a lipid? A) cellulose B) starch C) cholesterol D) glucose 3. A disaccharide forms when A) two monosaccharides join by dehydration synthesis. B) two starches join by dehydration synthesis. C) two monosaccharides join by hydrolysis. D) two starches join by hydrolysis. 4. Which list below consists of only polymers? A) sugars, amino acids, nucleic acids, lipids B) proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids C) proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, polysaccharides D) proteins, lipids, nucleotides, sugars 5. Which of the following options correctly pairs a polymer and its monomer? A) cellulose, amino acids B) lipid, glucose C) nucleic acid, nucleotides D) protein, nucleic acids 6. Glucose molecules are to starch as ________ are to proteins. A) oils B) amino acids C) fatty acids D) monosaccharides 7. In plants the carbohydrate used for storage is ____ while the carbohydrate used for structure is _______ A) starch . . . cellulose B) glycogen . . . starch C) cellulose . . . glycogen D) glycogen . . . cellulose E) chitin . . . glycogen Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES More Practice! The following questions refer to the four groups of biological compounds. For each numbered phrase, select the lettered heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more than once or not at all. Each numbered phrase has only ONE correct answer. a. Proteins b. Carbohydrates c. Nucleic Acids d. Lipids 1. Made of amino acids 2. Used for energy storage 3. Includes starch, chitin, cellulose and glucose 4. Used for insulation in some animals 5. Formed through dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides 6. Formed through dehydration synthesis of fatty acids and glycerol 7. Found in the shell or exoskeleton of crustaceans, insects and fungi 8. Provides cushion for body organs 9. Broken down through hydrolysis of polysaccharides 10. Monomers are nucleotides 11. Broken down through hydrolysis of fat molecules 12. Provides support and structure to plant cell walls 13. An important part of the cell membrane 14. Includes DNA 15. Includes steroids 16. Hydrophobic 17. Glucose is a monomer 18. Can be saturated or unsaturated 19. Found in breads, cereals, fruit and vegetables 20. Found in oil and butter Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Vocabulary Make flashcards for the vocabulary terms list below using your class notes, text notes and textbook. Model your cards after the following example, which includes the term, a diagram, the chapter, the big picture, a definition/description, and example. Adhesion Chapter 2 A property of water that enables life The clinging of two different substances through hydrogen bonds or attractions Ex: water clings to glass or paper towel Metabolism Homeostasis Cell Polar Nonpolar Covalent bond Hydrogen bond Ion Adhesion Cohesion Surface tension Density Solvent Carbohydrate Polysaccharide Monosaccharide Lipid Fatty acid Steroid Protein Amino acid Nucleic acid Nucleotide Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Exit Slip For questions #1-2, refer to the diagram below. 3. What can be concluded from comparing these two pictures? a. Polymers are easily broken down into their component parts. b. The same number of carbon atoms may be arranged in various ways. c. Linear polymer structures are stronger than ringed polymer structures d. It takes fewer monomers to form a linear polymer than a ringed polymer. 4. The molecule to the right is an example of a. An amino acid b. A sugar c. A fatty acid d. A starch 5. During protein synthesis, the polymer increases in size by adding: a. ATP b. Enzymes c. amino acids d. carbon 6. Imagine you writing “An Idiot’s Guide to Biological Polymers” or “Biological Polymers for Dummies.” You should clearly and simply compare the structures of the four types of biological compounds. Identify similarities, differences, and the monomers. Diagrams would be very helpful. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Do Now 1. Match the monomers to the polymers shown. 2. Fill in the blanks: In a ____________________ bond, valence electrons are shared between two nonmetals. In a ____________________ bond, valence electrons are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal. 3. Write the molecular formula for the following compound: Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Activity 1: Modeling Carbohydrates Carbohydrate compounds are an important source of energy for all organisms. This activity will enable you to model carbohydrates and show how polymerization can join two monosaccharides (simple sugars) to form a disaccharide (double sugar) that eventually becomes a polymer such as starch. 1. Place the black carbon atoms & white hydrogen atoms into one part of the petri dish. Why do the carbon atoms have four projections? Why do the hydrogen atoms have one projection? 2. Place the red oxygen atoms into a second compartment of the petri dish. 3. Place the white tubes into a third compartment of the petri dish. The tubes will be used to join the atoms. What do these tubes represent? 4. One of the most important is the monosaccharide glucose, a ringstructured compound. Build a model of glucose (shown at right). a. Begin your model with the oxygen atom in the ring and work your way clockwise around the ring, building from carbon #1 to carbon #6. b. Then add the other carbons, hydrogen, and oxygens to the central ring. 5. Write the molecular formula of glucose. Hint: count the number of each type of atom. 6. If glucose is not immediately used for energy, it can be stored as starch. Starch is a polymer made of monomers of glucose. The joining of two glucose molecules is the first step to building a starch. a. Build a second glucose molecule like the one in step 4. b. On the left glucose molecule, remove the hydrogen from the OH group at carbon #1, leaving a dangling covalent bond (white bond). c. On the right glucose molecule, remove the entire OH group at carbon #4, including the bond (white tube). d. Join the dangling covalent bond from carbon #1 of the left glucose molecule to the carbon #4 of the right glucose molecule. 7. Take the hydrogen you removed during step #6a and join it to the OH you removed during step #6c. What molecule do you have? 8. This type of polymerization is known as dehydration synthesis. Why is that a good name? Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Activity 2: Modeling Amino Acids, the Building Blocks of Proteins This activity will model amino acids and show how two amino acid molecules can combine to form a dipeptide, the first of many repeating units that make up a polypeptide. 1. Place the blue nitrogen atoms in one compartment of the petri dish. Why does the nitrogen atom have 3 projections? 2. Attach an oxygen atom to a carbon atom with a double bond. Attach an –OH group to the same carbon. This is called a carboxyl acid group (see right). 3. Attach two hydrogen atoms to one nitrogen atom. This is called an amino group. 4. Attach the carboxyl group and the amino group to a new carbon atom along with a hydrogen atom. All amino acids share this basic structure. They differ only by the atom or groups of atoms indicated by the symbol R. There are twenty amino acids found in nature. 5. Attach a hydrogen atom to the central carbon. You have created the simplest amino acid – glycine (see below). 6. Using the formula below, build a model of alanine, another amino acid. 7. Place the models of glycine and alanine side by side. Remove an H from the amino group of alanine (leaving the bond) and remove the –OH group from the carbon in the carbyxyl group of glycine, including the bond. Connect the carbon of glycine to the nitrogen of alanine. This bond is called a peptide bond, and the two joined amino acids are a dipeptide. What would you call a chain of several amino acids? 8. Take the OH group and the H atom that you removed and join them. What molecule is this? 9. Why is the joining of amino acids together known as dehydration synthesis? Biochemistry BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Analysis 1. What term describes a simple sugar such as glucose? 2. What term would describe several sugars joined together? 3. How are sugar and starch similar? Different? 4. What type of polymerization joins sugars together and joins amino acids together? 5. In which class of organic compound would you find a peptide bond? 6. In order to build organic polymers, water is removed from the monomers. Propose a hypothesis for how organic polymers are broken down into monomers. Exit Slip For questions #1-2, refer to the diagram below. 7. What can be concluded from comparing these two pictures? a. Polymers are easily broken down into their component parts. b. The same number of carbon atoms may be arranged in various ways. c. Linear polymer structures are stronger than ringed polymer structures d. It takes fewer monomers to form a linear polymer than a ringed polymer. 8. The molecule to the right is an example of a. An amino acid b. A sugar c. A fatty acid d. A starch 9. During protein synthesis, a peptide chain increases by adding: a. ATP b. Enzymes c. amino acids d. carbon