Download High Middle Ages

High Middle Ages
Chapter 13 Section 4
&
Chapter 14 Section 1
Power of the Church
 Church had influence in both spiritual and
political matters
 Structure of church was similar to the structure
of feudalism
 Pope (Head of the Church)
 Clergy (Bishops and Priests)
 Local priests served as the main contact with the Church
 Canon Law
 Church law, in matters such as marriage and
religious practices
Far-Reaching Authority of the
Church
 The Law of the Church
 Canon law governs marriages and religious
practices
 Popes have power over political leaders through
threat of:
 Excommunication—banishment from Church, denial of
salvation
 Interdiction—king’s subjects denied sacraments and
services
 Kings and emperors were expected to obey pope’s
commands.
Power of the Church
 Religion was a unifying force
 Church and the Holy Roman Empire
 Otto the Great formed a close alliance with
the church
 Invaded Italy and was crowned emperor
 Created German-Italian Empire, later became the
Holy Roman Empire
 The Church was not happy that kings has
control over clergy and their offices
This is an illustration of
the concept of “lay
investiture.”
In this picture a king from
the Middle Ages is
handing a bishop his
“shepherd’s crook” a
symbol of the office of
bishop.
The Catholic Church
insisted that bishops
were chosen by the
Pope, not by kings.
Emperor Clashes with the
Pope
 Lay investiture
 Ceremony where kings and nobles are appointed church
officials
 Pope Gregory VII vs. Henry IV
 Gregory bans lay investiture
 Henry IV orders Gregory to step down from the papacy
 Henry is excommunicated
 Tries to win pope’s forgiveness
 Pope ends his excommunication
 Concordant of Worms
 Church alone could appoint a bishop
 Emperor could veto the appointment
Primary Source
 “There, having laid aside all the belongings of
royalty, wretchedly, with bare feet and clad in
wool, he [Henry IV] continued for three days to
stand before the gate of the castle. Nor did he
desist from imploring with many tears the aid
and consolation of the apostolic mercy until he
had moved all of those who were present
there.”
POPE GREGORY, in Basic Documents in
Medieval History
Disorder in the Empire
 Frederick I
 First to call his lands, the Holy Roman
Empire
 Italian merchants and the pope join the
Lombard League
 Angered by Frederick’s brutal tactics
 Italian foot soldiers were able to defeat feudal
knights
 Frederick made peace and returned to Germany
Feudal states remain
divided…
 German kings tried to revive
Charlemagne’s empire and his alliance
with the church
 Led to wars with Italian cities
 Led to clashes with the pope
 The system of German princes electing
the king weakened royal authority
In France and England…
 Larger land base
 Established strong central authority
Church Reform and the
Crusades
 Catholic Church underwent reform and
launched Crusades against Muslims and
others.
 Beginning in 1000s, a new sense of
spiritual feeling arose in Europe, which
led to changes in the Church.
Church Reform
 The Age of Faith
 Monasteries led the spiritual revival
 Problems in the Church
 Many village priests still married and had families
 Bishops sold positions in the Church(Simony)
 Lay investiture
Church Reform
 Popes Leo IX and Gregory VII made other
reforms:
 Enforced laws against the marriage of priests and
the selling of Church offices
 Later popes reorganized Church structure
 To advise the pope they created a group called the
Curia which made church law – canon law – and
enforced it
 The Church collected a tax from all believers, which
it used to care for the sick and poor.
New Religious Orders
 In the early 1200s, a new Church group
arose – friars
 They moved from place to place spreading
the ideas of the Church
 They owned nothing and begged for food
 Women joined the spiritual movement;
many joined convents to dedicate
themselves to God
Cathedrals
 Many towns in Europe built magnificent
cathedrals
 In the early 1100s, the huge churches used a
new style of architecture called Gothic
 These buildings were tall, reaching toward heaven
 They had walls covered with windows of colorful
stained glass, which let in beautiful light
Exterior
Interior
The Crusades
 The renewed faith also led to war
 In 1093 the Byzantine emperor asked for help
against Muslim Turks who were threatening
Constantinople
 The pope urged leaders of Western Europe to
begin a holy war
 He wanted Christians to gain control of Jerusalem
and the entire Holy Land
 This was the first of several Crusades fought over
the next 200 years
The Crusades
 Why did people support the Crusades?
 Rulers and the Church favored the Crusades
because they sent warlike knights out of
their lands
 Common people joined the Crusades out of
deep religious feeling
Where the Crusades really
a “Holy War”
 Why were we fighting?
Pope – Wanted to reclaim Holy Lands.
Kings – Get rid of knights who fought each other.
Knights – Opportunity to fight.
Merchants – Profited by making cash loans to
finance the journey; wanted to control key trade
routes.
 Serfs – Hoped to gain land and position in society.
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The First Crusade
The First Crusade
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Pope Urban II called for the Crusade
Began in 1096
Route – crossed over Mediterranean Sea
It was badly organized
 Still able to capture some of the Holy Land,
including Jerusalem
 Vulnerable to a counterattack
First Crusade
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Mainly Franks
Red crosses
Ill-prepared
No knowledge of
territory
 Squabbling
 ¼ reach Jerusalem
 Captured in 1099
The Second Crusade
The Second Crusade
 Organized in 1144 to
recapture Edessa
 Armies straggled
home in defeat
 Powerful Muslim
leader Saladin
emerged
The Third Crusade
The Third Crusade
 Goal was to recapture Jerusalem
 Led by three of Europe’s most powerful monarchs
 Philip II (France)
 Frederick I (Where is he from???)
 Richard the Lion-Hearted (England)
 Richard was left to lead and regain land from Saladin
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Both were great warriors
Agreed to a truce in 1192
Jerusalem remained under Muslim control
Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely
visit the City’s holy places
The Fourth Crusade
The Fourth Crusade
 1204 attempt to
recapture Jerusalem
failed
 Knights did not reach
the Holy Land
 Instead, they looted
Constantinople
Children’s Crusade
Children’s Crusade
 Took place in 1212
 Thousands of children set out to conquer
Jerusalem
 Two groups
 In France, led by 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes
 30,000 children under 18 joined him
 Armed only with the belief that God would give them
Jerusalem
 Many died from cold and starvation
 Rest drowned or sold into slavery
Children’s Crusade
 In Germany, Nicholas of Cologne
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20,000 children and young adults
Marched to Rome
Thousands died in the cold and journey across Alps
Those who did survive were told to return home until
they were old enough to fight
 2,000 survived the trip from Germany and boarded
a ship to the Holy Land and were never heard of
again
Reconquista
 A later Crusade took place in Spain
 Christian rulers tried to win back the land
that Muslims had conquered in 700s
 This fight lasted from 1100s until 1492
 The last Spanish Muslim land fell
 Thousands of Jews lived in Spanish Muslim
lands
 Many became Christian so that they could
remain after the reconquest was completed.
Spanish Crusade
Isabella and Ferdinand
purify Spain
 Inquisition to
suppress heresy
 Aimed at Jews and
Muslims
Effects
 Power of the popes
weakened
 Power of the nobles
reduced
 Trade was revived trade
 The Christians’ harsh treatment of
Muslims in the Holy Land led to
bitterness that has lasted to the present
Changes in Medieval
Society
 European cities changed the feudal
system as agriculture, trade, finance, and
universities developed.
Changes in Medieval
Society
 Improved food supply
 Climate warmed
 Developed new ways of farming
 Plows with horses
 Harness developed
 Three-field system
Trade and Finance
Increased
 Craft workers began to make goods that
were sent all over Europe in trade
 Fairs were held in towns each year
 Merchants sold cloth, food, leather, and
other goods
 These fairs turned towns into cities
Guilds
 Formed in each town by workers in the
same craft
 Example would be cloth makers
 Set standards for their products
 Set fair prices
 Also made rule for how you could enter a
craft
Towns Grew
 Towns grew at a rapid rate
 Dirty
 Built entirely of wood
 Fire hazards
 Haven for peasants
 After you lived in a town for a year and a day you
were free
 Wealthier people won the right not to pay taxes
to lords and govern themselves
Effects
 Growing trade and wealth led to an
interest in learning
 Contact with the Muslims bought back
ancient Greek and Roman books
 Christian thinkers tried to connect the old
thinkers with the Church
England and France
 As the kingdoms of England and France
began to develop nation, certain
democratic traditions evolved.
England
 Formed by the blending of culture
 Danish Vikings versus Anglo-Saxons
 William the Conqueror
 Duke of Normandy
 Defeated his enemy Harold in the Battle of
Hastings
 Declared England his personal property
England’s Evolving
Government
 Kings wanted to achieve two goals:
 Hold and add to their French lands
 Wanted to strengthen their own power over
the nobles and the church
 William the Conquer and his
descendants owned land in BOTH
Normandy and England
Henry II
 Married Eleanor of Aquitaine
 From France
 Helped him add more land to his kingdom
 Ruled from 1154 to 1189
 Sent royal judges to every part of England
 Introduced the use of jury
 Eventually the rulings of the judges formed
England’s common law.
Richard the Lion-Hearted
 Hero from what???
 King after Henry II
 Captured Cyprus
 Kept the Frankish kingdoms in the Holy Land for
another century.
 Because of the Crusades, Richard was absent
from politics
 Government established itself
John Softsword
 Richard’s younger brother took the throne
 Lost Normandy and all his lands in northern
France
 Very cruel to his subjects
 Raised taxes
 Alienated the Church
 Eventually the nobles revolted
 Forced him to sign the Magna Carta
 Guaranteed certain basic political rights
 Included no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and
protection of the law
Edward I
 Created Parliament
 Two citizens of wealth and property from
every borough and two knights from every
county
 Would call on Parliament when a new tax
was needed
 Royal tool which weakened the lords
France
 In 1000, France was divided into 47
territories
 Capetian kings changed that
 Power grew outward from Paris
Philip II
 Ruled from 1180 to 1223
 Determined to weaken the power of the
English kings in France
 Greatly increased the territory of France
 Took Normandy in 1204
 Created a stronger central government
 Established balifs
Louis IX
 Ruled from 1226 to 1270
 Known as the ideal king
 Created a French appeals court
Philip IV
 Ruled from 1285 to 1314
 Disagreed with the right of the pope to
control Church affairs in his kingdom
 Created the Estates-General
 First Estate – Church leaders
 Second Estate – Lords
 Third Estate – Commoners
Events which change
and help end the
Middle Ages
Great Schism
 1300, Pope Boniface VIII attempted to
enforce his papal authority over Philip IV
 1305, Philip persuaded the College of
Cardinals to choose a French archbishop
as the new pope
 Clement V is selected
 Moved capital from Rome to Avignon (in
France)
Great Schism
 Reformers tried to move papacy back to
Rome
 1378, Pope Gregory XI died
 Cardinals chose Pope Urban VI
 Many regretted their choice because he
was radical
 Chose Robert of Geneva a few months later
 Now there were two popes…
Great Schism
 This began a split in the Church known
as the Great Schism
 Created the Council of Constance to
choice a single pope
 Chose Martin V
 Left the papacy greatly weakened
Bubonic Plague
 1300s, epidemic struck parts of Asia,
North Africa, and Europe
 1/3 of Europe died from the deadly
disease
Bubonic Plague
 Began in Asia
 Fleet of Geneses merchant ships arrived in
Sicily carrying the plague
 Followed the trade routes
 25 million Europeans died
 Many more in Asia and North Africa
Effects of the Plague
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Town populations fell
Trade declined
Serfs left manors
Jews were blamed for the plague
Church lost a lot of influence
THE BLACK DEATH
 Bubonic plague from
Central Asia – 1300’s
 Takes 4 years to hit
all of Europe
 Kills 70% of those
who catch it
 25 million dead
Hundred Years’ War
 Philip IV of France dies without an heir
 Edward III of England claims throne (he
was grandson of Philip IV)
 Started a century long conflict between
the two nations
Hundred Years’ War
 England won three important battles
 Archers began to use longbows and destroyed
French troops
 England captured Orleans
 French were in desperate shape
 Joan of Arc
 She lead a French army and won
 Allowed the French to crown a new king
 She was captured by English allies
 Tried and burned at the stake
Hundred Years’ War
 Ended in 1453
 Fought on French land
 Land was destroyed
 Power/prestige of French Monarch
increased.
 Produced national feelings in both
England and France
Changes in Warfare
 Longbow leads to
extinction of knights
as premier fighters
War Changes Europe
 Nationalism in
France and England
 French monarch
strengthened
 English dissolve in to
War of Roses
 Age of Faith and
chivalry end