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Chapter 4: The Ancient Greeks “Greek civilization began almost 4,000 years ago, but Greek ideas about government, science, and the arts are still important today.” World History I Mrs. Bailey Polis: The geographic and political center of Greek Life Acropolis: Fortified Hilltop Agora: the market or meeting place Explain the effect of geography on Greek civilization. The mountains and seas kept the Greeks isolated and early Greek communities became fiercely independent. Remember: What changes occurred during Greece’s Dark Age? Trade slowed, poverty took hold, farming decreased, many people stopped teaching others how to write or do craftwork, and people settled in new areas, expanding the reach of Greek culture. Mycenaean civilization collapsed c.1200 BC and there were lots of immediate needs, so fancy pottery was not a priority (who could afford it anyway?), so much Dark Age pottery appears to have been made at home by hand instead of on a potter’s wheel. Note this example is lopsided and lacks decoration. How did new colonies affect industry? Colonies increased the demand for goods and specialization, which in turn led to the growth of industry. Greek Trade - Interactive Map Name three rights granted to Greek citizens that American citizens have today. • Voting • Defending themselves in court • Owning Property • Holding Office Section 2: Sparta and Athens • Tyrant – Someone who takes power by force and rules with total authority • Helot – Captive workers in Sparta Peisistratos Athens first tyrant • Oligarchy – A few people hold power Council of Elders, Sparta • Democracy – All citizens share in running the government Why were tyrants popular in the city-states? Tyrants built new marketplaces, temples, and walls. In WHN: Draw a diagram like the one below. In each oval write a fact about the Spartan oligarchy. The council included 28 members Few people hold all the power Oligarchy Two kings headed All members were the council of elders over 60 years old Other possible Answers: •All Spartan men over 30 belonged to the assembly •The assembly voted on the council’s laws •The assembly chose 5 people to be ephors •Ephors enforced the laws and managed tax collection Chapter 4, Section 2: Sparta and Athens Video Link Sparta V. Athens • Conquered and enslaved neighbors • Set up colonies • Controlling government • Valued education for boys • Trained boys and men for war • Girls were trained in sports • Oligarchy • Played key roles in defending Greece • Discouraged foreign visitors and travel • Frowned upon study • Fell behind in trade • Girls learned household duties • Reforms lead to democratic ideas • Allowed male citizens to vote • Included a council and assembly Section 3: Persia Attacks the Greeks The Real danger for the Greeks… PERSIANS! Ruler Accomplishments Persian War •Invaded Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Phoenicia, Egypt •Treated subjects well/United Persians into powerful kingdom •Built roads to connect Persian territories • Started to build the empire (about the size of U.S.) Cyrus • Reorganized the government into satrapies (provinces) Darius • Built huge army, but war failed against Greece • Held the empire together Xerxes Persian Empire, 500 B.C. • About how long was the Royal Road? Approx 1700-1800 miles long • Based on the map, why might the Persian Empire have been a threat to Greece? It had conquered land just to the north and east of the Greek mainland. By 520 BC the Persians expand into Ionia T The Ionians revolt and Athens decided to help… Oops! The Persians still win but now they are ANGRY at Athens. Ionian Revolt NOW I’m ANGRY! I will crush the Greeks! Darius I and his many battles to expand the Persian Empire Persia Attacks Greece Popplet Battle at Marathon The Greek Phalanx crushes Darius’s army… 6400 Persians die…only 196 Greeks! The Battle of Marathon — History.com Video Darius WILL return… We MUST prepare! Triremes Darius’s Son Xerxes returns for revenge in 480 BC Thermopylae Story of Thermopylae from British Museum WE LOST! I’m coming home on my shield Battle of Salamis… Greeks WIN! The Persian Wars, 490-479 B.C. Herodotus, The Father of History author of History of the Persian Wars Chapter 4, Section 3: Persia Attacks the Greeks Video Link • What reasons besides revenge does Xerxes have for invading Greece? • Glory and winning a wealthy land • List causes leading to the Persian Wars. • Persian expansion • Greek rebellions • revenge of Persian defeats Section 4:Age of Pericles, Athens Golden Age “Athens…is the school of Greece.” Pericles, as recorded by Thucydides What do you think he meant? • Polis: early Greek city-state made up of a city and the surrounding countryside and run like an independent country • Polis was run by its citizens. Citizenship meant: – you were a member of a political community – you were a native born man – you owned land • Citizens were allowed to: – – – – • gather in the agora to choose leaders and pass laws vote hold office own property Citizens had to serve in government and as soldiers. The citizens soldiers formed a hoplite. Citizens made good soldiers because of their loyalty to their home polis. Those loyalties also caused problems for the hoplites. DEMOCRACY •Define direct democracy: A system of government in which people gather at mass meetings to decide on government matters. • Define representative democracy: A system of government in which citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and governmental decisions on their behalf. • Explain how direct democracy and representative democracy are different: In direct democracy, all citizens vote on laws while in representative democracy elected officials vote on laws. • In Athens, how was a law approved? – By a majority vote in the assembly • Compare and determine which government granted the right to vote to more of its population. – American Democracy “Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people. When it is a question of putting one person before another in positions of public responsibility, what counts is not membership of a particular class, but the actual ability which the man possesses. No one…is kept [out of government] because of poverty. And, just as our political life is free and open, so is our day-to-day life in our relations with each other.” Pericles’ Funeral Oration When Pericles said, “everyone is equal before the law,” what did he mean? People are chosen for duty based not on class but on ability. In your opinion, is everyone equal before the law in America today? -Pericles as recorded by Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War The Delian League…Made for protection from the Persians Pericles Media — History.com I will use the League Money Athens Greece And make Athens Beautiful! Pericles PELOPONNESIAN WAR 431-404 B.C. Athens Greece Peloponnesian War Video Clip from Discovery Education Spartans — History.com Video The Beauty of Athens The Beast of Sparta Spartan Boot Camp: Killing Machines — History.com Video The Perioeci… neither slaves nor warriors in Sparta Helots were Spartan Slaves Strong baby or else… Married at 20… Lived in the barracks until 30… on active duty until 60! More freedom than Athenian women Physically fit and tough to raise strong children Still couldn’t vote Come home with your shield or on it! Athens The Rise of Democracy 750 B.C. created an oligarchy… rule by a few and by 594 B.C. a ruler named Solon created a constitution Set limits on how much land could be owned Gave all male citizens the right to vote Assembly given the right to pass laws Erased debts and freed debt slaves Offered citizenship to artisans and ordered fathers to teach their sons a trade. Made farming profitable… grow grapes and olives Created a new legal system where anyone can bring charges against another regardless of status. Continues to divide lands and distribute to all Removes land ownership as a requirement for citizenship Peisistratus 560 B.C. Created the first democratic form of government Gave all people the freedom of speech Opened the assembly to males over 20 Cleisthenes 508 B.C. Elected 10 people to head the army and navy Created a council of 500 selected by lots … no terms longer than two years Citizens required to educate their sons and gave 18 yr olds citizenship Cleisthenes 508 B.C. • In what year was the earliest battle of the war fought and in whose territory was it fought? – 429 B.C. in Athens’s territory • Which major cities were allied with Sparta? How do you think having those allies helped the Spartans to win the war? – Corinth and Thebes – They helped Sparta surround Athens and provided soldiers to fight in the war •Peloponnesian War What effects did the Peloponnesian War have on Greece? • The war weakened Greece and made it open to conquest. • There were many casualties, thus reduced military ability. • Farms were destroyed, which caused decreased food production and increased cost of food. • It was difficult for Greeks to trust each other and made future unification nearly impossible. The Peloponnesian War — History.com Video Chapter 4, Section 4: Age of Pericles Video Link Who was Aspasia? • Aspasia was born in 490 BC in Miletus, an Ionian Greek settlement. This meant that when she moved to Athens she was not bound by the same laws that bound Athenian women and she was allowed to become involved in politics. She became one of the most educated woman of her time. Spending a large portion of her life at the center of Athenian political life, she had great influence over Pericles. She fought to have women treated as equal to men in a male-dominated culture. Review and Supplement • Chapter 4 Crossword Puzzle • Study Central • Persians and the Greeks - World History Crash Course