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Transcript
Chapter 3 Cells Cell: A cell consists of three main parts---the __organelles, the cell “stuff” called __cytoplasm__, and the outer ____membrane_. Cell Membrane: The cell membrane is extremely thin_________and is _selectively permeable________________ permeable. function: The cell membrane regulates the_____homeostasis______, participates in signal transduction, and helps cells adhere to other cells structure: The basic framework of the cell membrane consists of a double layer of _phospholipids________________ _proteins________________ are found in the cell membrane, including some which are transmembrane and some that are peripheral membrane. Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm consists of a clear liquid called ___cytosol___________________, a supportive ____cytoskeleton________________________, and networks of membranes and organelles. endoplasmic reticulum: provides a tubular __transporation_________ system inside the cell. rough: why does it appear rough? ribosomes What does it function in the synthesis and transport of? Proteins and lipids smooth: Why does it appear smooth? No ribosomes What does it function in the transport of? Important in lipid synthesis and absorption of fats ribosome: Where are they found? On the rough endoplasmic reticulum What are they composed of? 60% RNA and 40% protein What do they help in the production of? proteins golgi apparatus: is composed of flattened _membraneous sacs ( cisternae )________and it packages the cells products. These packages are released in the form of glycoprotein_ lysosomes: contain _powerful_____ enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria. They are sometimes called the "__garbage disposal " of the cell. microfilaments and microtubules: are thin threadlike structures that serve as the ____cytoskeleton_________of the cell. Microfilaments, made of the protein _____bundles___, cause various cellular movements. Mictotubules, made of the globular protein ____tubulin__. centrosome: is a structure made up of two hollow cylinders called __centrioles_________. What is their function? Dring mitosis they distribute chromosomes. cilia & flagella: are motile extensions from the cell. Which one is shorter? cilia What is its function in the human body? They provide waves of motions moving fluid over the cells. What is the only flagellated cell in the body? sperm 1 Nucleus: is bounded by a _double____-layered nuclear membrane containing relatively large nuclear _____pores____that allow the passage of certain substances. nucleolus: Where is it found? membrane? No In the nucleus Does it have its own What chemicals is it made of? RNA and protein chromatin: What chemicals is the chromatin made of? Protein and DNA Movement Through Cell Membrane: The cell membrane controls what passes through it. PASSIVE TRANSPORT: Mechanisms of movement across the membrane may be passive, requiring no energy_____________ from the cell (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration). diffusion: from area of _high_____ concentration to area of _low______ concentration to reach _equilibrium_______. osmosis: Only substance that is moved by osmosis is water__________________. What substances diffuse in the human body? Alcohol, fatty acids, steroids, and dissolved gasses, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen. What pressure results from osmosis? Osmotic pressure Facilitated Diffusion: Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins that function as _______channel______ to move molecules (such as glucose) across the cell membrane. Filtration: Filtration forces molecules through ___membrane pores___________ and is commonly used to separate solids from _____water_____________________ Active Transport: moves from area of __low_____ concentration to area of __high________ concentration. Requires _____carrier________ proteins: (pumps). Also requires energy in the form of ___ATP_. Endocytosis and Exocytosis: In __endocytosis__ molecules that are too large to be transported by other means are engulfed by an invagination of the cell membrane and carried into the cell surrounded by a vesicle. Pinocytosis is a form in which cells engulf liquids. Phagocytosis is a form is which the cell takes in larger particles, such as a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium. In ____exocytosis___molecules are pushed out of the cell Cell Cycle: The series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it _divides is called the cell cycle. The cell cycle consists of what four stages? Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase The cell cycle is highly regulated. Most cells do not divide continually. Cells have a maximum number of times they can divide because of built-in “clocks”called _telemers____________ on the tips of chromosomes. 2