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BioChem Recovery Packet Name __________________________________________ Recovery Packet for THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 - Questions to help you review and study are at the end of the outline. There is a practice quiz at the end of the packet. You must complete the questions and practice test to recover the test. Remember to use www.usatestprep.com and GA virtual academy are great ways to review. (http://cms.gavirtualschool.org/Shared/Science/Biology_15/Biology_Shared/Biology_BiologicalMolecu les_Shared/index.html Tests may be recovered through September 4th. I. THE NATURE OF MATTER (2-1) A. ATOMS (Atoms + Unable to be cut)- Basic unit of Matter 1. Subatomic Particles a. Protons = +1 charge in nucleus b. Neutrons = No charge in nucleus c. Electrons = -1 charge in constant motion around nucleus in cloud 2. # OF PROTONS = # of electrons in an atom if atom neutral B. ELEMENTS AND ISOTOPES 1. Element - Pure substance of 1 type of atom a. More than 100, but only about 2 dozen in living things 1.) 6 most common : C, H, O, N, P, S (1st 4-95% of BODY) b. Symbols c. Atomic Number - # of Protons in atom determines what element it is!! * Ex. C has 6 p & 6 e–s! d. Atomic Mass Number - # of protons + # of neutrons 2. Isotope - Atoms of same element with diff # of neutrons Ex. C-12, C-13, C-14 (p. 36, Fig 2-2) Mass Number – has decimal to include average mass of all isotopes! Some isotopes radioactive – can be dangerous Ex. C-14 Uses: Dating fossils, Treat cancer, Kill bacteria & “Tracers” in metabolic pathways C. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS- Substance formed by chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions 1. Chemical formula - Show elements and proportions a. EX. H2O, NaCl, FeO2 2. Compound properties are different from element properties a. Ex. H2, O2 – H2O ; Na, Cl2 – NaCl D. CHEMICAL BONDS – involve e’s in atoms, hold compounds together TYPES a. IONIC BONDS - 1 or more e’s transferred to another atom Result: + chg. attracted to - chg. Ex: 2Na + C12 2NaCl (p. 38, Fig. 2-3) b. COVALENT BONDS - 2 or more e’s shared by >2 atoms 1. Single Covalent = 1 pr. e’s shared between 2 atoms a. EX. H2O molecule (p. 38, Fig 2-4) 2. Double Covalent = 2 pr e’s shared between 2 atoms, O2 3. Triple Covalent = 3 pr e’s shared between 2 atoms, N2 4. Molecule = smallest unit of most compounds 2. VANDER WAALS FORCES - force of attraction between 2 or more molecules of a compound a. CAUSE: unequal sharing of e- in molecule make some + and others - =Opposites attract! b. ex. Gecko “stuck” to wall by Vander Waal’s Force (p. 39, fig. 2-5.) Section Assessment 2-1, p. 39. II. PROPERTIES OF WATER (2-2) A. The Water Molecule 1 BioChem Recovery Packet Name __________________________________________ 1. Polarity = substance in which the electrons are unevenly distributed in the molecule = “polar” molecule a. H2O POLAR – O attracts e-’s more, so –chg; H has + chg (p. 40, Fig 2-6) 2. Hydrogen bonds = attraction between + and – parts or 2 or more diff. polar molecules. (TYPE OF WANDER WAAL’S FORCES) a. H2O can form up to 4 H bonds at a time giving H2O special properties Cohesion = attraction between molecules of same substance H2O Cohesion- creates surface tension Bugs on surface of H2O How many drops of water will fit on a penny? Adhesion = Attraction between molecules of different substances H2O Adhesion – to smooth sides of tubes causes : meniscus capillary action = H2O rising in tube against force of gravity, important to plants B. Solutions and suspensions 1. Mixture = material composed of 2 or more elements and/or compounds physically combined; no specific ratio a. ex. Salt = pepper, atm., pizza b. Solution = special mixture with even distribution (1 phase is homogeneous) H2O – makes solutions easily, because polar molecule attracts other polar molecules (p. 42, fig 2-9) UNIVERSAL SOLVENT Parts Solvent (usually water) Solute (what is dissolving: sugar, koolaid) c. Suspension = mixture with small particles “floating”, don’t settle out, but not really “dissolved” (heterogeneous- more that 1 phase) 1.) H2O molecule movement keeps from settling EX. Human Blood Cells “suspended” C. Acids, Bases and pH H2O separates into ions H2O > H+ + OH1 H2O molecule in 500 million will do this, but H+ ion balances OH- ion, so H2O sample neutral Acid = compound that forms H+ ions in solution (dissolved in H2O) strong acid = pH 1-3; Ex: fruit juice, stomach acid <_____________________________________________________> 0 Acid < 7 Neutral > 14 Base = compound that produces OH- ions in solution Strong base pH 11-14; bleach, soap, antacid Buffer = weak acid or base that react w/strong acids or bases to prevent sudden chg. in pH. Most body cells need pH to stay 6.5 – 7.5 pH Scale + indicates concentration of H+ ions (p. 43, Fig. 2-10) Section Assessment 2-2 p. 43 III. CARBON COMPOUNDS (2-3) *Organic Chemistry -study of all compounds with C atoms A. CHEMISTRY OF CARBON 1. Has 4 e-s in outer valence, so can form up to 4 covalent bonds 2. Bonds with other C atoms, plus other elements (H, O, N, P, S, etc.) 3. C Bonds to C Form: - single, double or triple (p. 44, Fig 2-11) chains, branched chains, ring B. MACROMOLECULES - “GIANT” MOLECULES 1. Polymerization = process of forming macromolecules a. Monomers (“small unit”) join together (bond) to form Polyme (p. 45, Fig 2-12) 2. 4 Types of organic compounds in living things a. Carbohydrates 1. C, H, O Atoms; H:O Ratio 2:1 2 BioChem Recovery Packet Name __________________________________________ 2. Use: a.) main energy source b.) plants & some animals structural parts 3. Monosaccharide = simple sugar a.) ex. glucose, galactose, fructose Digest carbs. to release simple sugars to burn for energy! 4. Polysaccharides = macromolecules formed of monosaccharides a.) ex. Glycogen = “animal starch” = stored excess sugar b.) Plant starch = stored excess sugar & Cellulose = tough, flexible fiber in plants for strength, rigidity (wood, paper) b. Lipids 1.) Not H2O soluble 2.) Contain C, H, with a little O 3.) Common types: Fats, Oils, Waxes 4.) Use: - Store energy - Part of cell membranes - Waterproof coverings - Steroids - Chemical Messengers 5.) Form: Combine fatty acids with glycerol (p.46,Fig 2-14) a.) Saturated – only single C bonds, “Sat” with H, “bad” for you, solid at room T (raises cholesterol) b.) Unsaturated – at least 1 C double bond, “unsat.” with H) “good” for you, liquid at room T (ex. Cooking oils) c. Nucleic Acids 1.) contain: C, H, O, N, P 2.) monomers: NUCLEOTIDES - 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base 3.) Use: store/transmit hereditary info 4.) 2 kinds: DNA, RNA d. Proteins -> 1.) contain: C, H, O, N, 2.) monomers: amino acids – amino acids 3.) Only 20 diff. Types of A.A.’s, BUT: Each can bind to any other kind = multiple types of proteins Use: - enzymes = control & regulate reaction -bone, muscle parts -transport in/out of cells -antibodies to fight disease Many shapes due to H Bonds + Vander Waal’s Forces IV. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ENZYMES A. Chemical Reaction = Process changes 1 set of chem. to another 1. Reactants = materials entering RXN. (on left of arrow) 2. Products = materials resulting from RXN. (on right of arrow) Always break bonds in reactants & form new bonds in products. Ex. CO2 + H2OH2CO3 (allows blood to carry CO2) Energy in Reactions – may be released or absorbed 1. If release energy – usually spontaneous 2. If absorb energy – must use energy to start reaction e. Most organic reactions this type, so organisms need source of energy (sun, food) 3. Activation energy = energy needed to start reaction B. Enzymes 1. Catalyst = Chemicals that speeds up rate of reaction a. Enzyme = Biological catalyst that work by decrease activation energy (p. 51, Fig. 2-20) i. Specific to 1 type of chemical reaction ii. Named for pathway (all end in –ase) iii. Ex. Carbonic anhydrase: Enzyme to convert carbon dioxide so blood can carry it away to lungs increase rate of reaction by 10 million X faster! CO2 + H2OH2CO3 C. Enzyme Action – Enzymes provide active site for chemical substrates to come together to react (match maker) 1. Enzyme unchanged by reaction 3 BioChem Recovery Packet Name __________________________________________ 2. Enzymes affected by: a. pH (digestive enzymes work at specific pH b. Temperature (Human enzymes–best about 37deg.C (98 deg F) c. Protein “keys” turn enzymes “on” or “off” 3. Need enzymes: regulation, manufacture, release energy, transferring information Review Questions: Atoms 1. What are atoms? _______________________________________ 2. Fill in the table below about the subatomic particles: 3. If the atom is neutral, the number of _____________ = number of __________. 4. What is a pure substance of only 1 type of atom? _____________ 5. What are the 6 most common elements? ___________________________ 6. What is the atomic mass number? ______________________________ 7. An isotope has the same number of _____________, but a different number of ___________. 8. Give three uses of isotopes. 1. _______________________________________ 2. _______________________________________ 3. _______________________________________ Compounds 9. What is a chemical compound? __________________________________ 10. What shows chemical elements & proportions? _____________________ 11. Chemical bonds involve ________________. 12. Electrons are transferred in a _______________ bond. 13. Electrons are shared in a ______________________ bond. 14. Single covalent bonds share _______ electrons or _____ pair of electrons. 15. Double covalent bonds share _______ electrons or _____ pair of electrons. 16. Triple covalent bonds share _______ electrons or _____ pair of electrons. 17. What is a molecule? __________________________________ 18. What is an attraction between 2 or more molecules? _________________ 19. What causes Vanderwaals forces? ________________________ 20. What do Vanderwaals forces allow the Gecko to do? _____________ WATER What is a polar molecule? ________________________________________ Why is water considered a polar molecule? ____________________________ What are H-bonds? __________________________________________ How many H-Bonds can water form? ________________________________ What is cohesion? _______________________________________________ What properties does cohesion allow water to have? ____________________ What is adhesion? ______________________________________________ What properties does adhesion allow water to have? ____________________ 4 BioChem Recovery Packet Name __________________________________________ What is capillary action? ________________________________ Day 4 Solution & Supension What is a mixture? __________________________________ Give an example of a mixture: ________________________________ A mixture with 1 phase is called a _____________________. Give an example of a solution: __________________________ Why does water make solutions easily? _____________________________ What is the Universal Solvent? _______________________ What is a solvent? ____________________________________ What is a solute? ______________________________________ What is a suspension? ____________________________ What is homogenous? ___________________________________ Give an example of a homogeneous solution: _________________________ What is heterogeneous? ___________________________________ Give an example of a heterogeneous solution: _________________________ Acids & Bases A water molecule separates into _____________ & _____________ ions. Why is pure water neutral? _____________________________________ What is an acid? _____________________________________________ Give an example of an acid: ______________________________ What is a base? ___________________________________ Give an example of a base:________________________________ What is a buffer? _______________________________________ Give an example of a buffer: __________________________________ What is the pH scale? _________________________________________ From ______________ to __________________ on the pH scale is an acid. From ______________ to __________________ on the pH scale is an base. From ______________ to __________________ on the pH scale is neutral. Carbon compounds, sugars & lipids What is organic chemistry? __________________________________ All organic chemicals contain ________________. Carbon has ________________ valence electrons. Carbon can make __________________ covalent bonds. Why are the bonds covalent? ______________________________ What is polymerization? ______________________________ What is a monomer? __________________________________ Carbohydrates are made of ______________________________. Carbohydrates have 2 uses: ___________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 5 BioChem Recovery Packet Name __________________________________________ Monosaccharides are _________________________. What are some examples of monosaccharides? ______________________ What are monosaccharides used for? _________________________________] Polysaccharides are _________________________. What are some examples of polysaccharides? ______________________ What are polysaccharides used for? _________________________________] What is glycogen? _____________________________________________ What is plant starch? ___________________________________ What is cellulose used for in the plant? ______________________________ Are lipids water soluble? _________________ What are lipids made of? ________________________ What are lipids used for: ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Lipids form fatty acids when mixed with ____________________. What are saturated fatty acids? _____________________________ Are they good for you? ____________________________ Give an example: ___________________________________ What are unsaturated fatty acids? _____________________________ Are they good for you? ____________________________ Give an example: ______________________________ Nucleic acids & proteins: What are nucleic acids made of? __________________________ Monomers of nucleic acids are called ____________________. Nucleotides are made of: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Nucleic acids are used to ______________________ & _____________. What are the two kinds of nucleic acids? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ What are proteins made of? __________________________ Monomers of proteins are called ____________________. Amino acids are made of: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ There are ______________ types of amino acids. 6 BioChem Recovery Packet Name __________________________________________ Another name for protein is __________________. What are four uses of enzymes? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ What gives an enzyme its shape? _________________________________ Chemical Reactions What are chemical reactions? _______________________________________ What are reactants? __________________________________________ What are the products? ________________________________________ Always ______________ bonds in the reactants to ___________ new bonds in the products. Energy in reactions can be _______________ or _______________. What is spontaneous? __________________________________ When is a reaction usually spontaneous? _____________________ When should you add energy to start a reaction? ______________________ What is activation energy? ________________________________ Enzymes Another word for an enzyme is ____________________. What is a catalyst? ______________________________ An enzyme decreases the __________________________ of a reaction. All enzyme names end in _____________________________. How do enzymes work? _________________________________________ Enzyme action can be affected by: _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ Enzymes are needed for: _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ 7 BioChem Recovery Packet Name __________________________________________ Practice Quz Sb1b Enzymes; Sb1c Macromolecules Which statement is false about enzymes? 1. ________ a. Enzymes are specialized proteins called catalysts. b. Enzymes lower activation energy. c. Enzymes speed up reactions. d. Enzymes are used up by the reaction. 2. ________ The three particles that make up an atom are a. protons, neutrons, and isotopes. c. protons, neutrons, and electrons. b. neutrons, isotopes, and electrons. d. positive, negatives, and electrons. 3. _______ If the pH of stomach acid and of oven cleaner were measured, a. both would be below 7. b. both would be above 7. c. the pH of stomach acid would be below 7, but the pH of oven cleaner would be above 7. d. the pH of stomach acid would be above 7, but the pH of oven cleaner would be below 7. 4. ________ DNA and RNA are examples of a.Proteins b. Nucleic Acids c. Carbohydrates d. Lipids 5. ________ If an atom contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons, its atomic number is a. 6. b. 8. c. 12. d. 14. 6. ________ 7. ________ which of the following is the enzyme that operates on SUCROSE a. Sucrote b. Sucrase c. Sucrese d. Sucrate A substance with a pH of 9 is called a. a base. b. an acid. c. both an acid and a base. d. neither an acid nor a base. 8. ________ Which of the following terms describes a substance formed by the combination of two or more elements in definite proportions? a. nucleus b. isotope c. compound d. enzyme 9. ________ The nucleus is made up of a. protons and electrons b. electrons and neutrons. 10. ________ A covalent bond is formed as the result of a. transferring protons. c. transferring electrons. b. sharing an electron pair. d. sharing a proton pair. c . protons, neutrons, and electrons. d. protons and neutrons. 11. ________ Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things? a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. nucleic acids d. proteins 12. ________ The Monomer for Nucleic Acids are a. Amino Acids b. monosaccharides c. fatty acids d. nucleotides 13. ________ 14. ________ The most abundant compound in most living things is __. a. carbon dioxide b. sugar c. sodium chloride. d. water Water molecules are polar, with a. the oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly negative. b. the oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly positive. c. the oxygen side being slightly negative and the hydrogen side being slightly positive. d. the oxygen side being slightly positive and the hydrogen side being slightly negative. 8 BioChem Recovery Packet Name __________________________________________ 15. ________ A monosaccharide is a __. a. nucleic acid b. protein 16. ________ An organic compound is a compound that contains a. Hydrogen b. Carbon c. Nitrogen 17. ________ An ionic bond is formed as the result of a. transferring electrons. c. transferring protons. b. sharing an electron pair. d. sharing a proton pair. 18. ________ Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and a. a different number of electrons. c. a different number of neutrons. b. the same number of neutrons. d. a different number of molecules. c.carbohydrate 19. ________ When salt is dissolved in water, water is the a. solute b. solvent c. reactant 20. ________ Amino Acids are the monomers for A. Carbohydrate B. Lipids C. Proteins d. d. lipid d. Oxygen solution D. Nucleic Acids Fill in the Blank 21. Carbohydrates are made up of ____________________ and are used for _________________. An example of a carbohydrate is _______________. 22. Nucleic acids are made up of _____________________ and are used for __________________. An example of a nucleic acid is ________________. 23. Lipids are made up of _____________________ and are used for __________________. An example of a lipid is ________________. 24. Proteins are made up of _____________________ and are used for __________________. An example of a protein is ________________. 25. What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? Give an example of each. 9