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Transcript
How can Karyotype Analysis Explain Genetic Disorders?? Background: A karyotype is a picture in which the chromosomes of a cell have been stained so that the banding patterns of the chromosomes appear. Cells in Metaphase of cell division are stained to show distinct parts of the chromosome. The cells are then photographed through the microscope and the photograph is enlarged. The chromosomes are then cut from the photograph and arranged in pairs according to their size, arm length, centromere position, and banding patterns. Karyotypes have become of increasing importance to genetic counselors as disorders and diseases have been traced to specific visible abnormalities of the chromosomes. Problem: Researchers have been studying the population of a rare insect, Insecta amadoricus, found only on the Amador Valley High School Campus. The researchers have observed various forms of the insect and have concluded that many of these forms are the result of genetic disorders. You will prepare Karyotypes of the insects found on AVHS’s campus and analyze them for chromosomal abnormalities. Furthermore you will identify the disorder based on your analysis. Procedure: 1. For this investigation you will first need to recognize the chromosomal karyotype for a normal male and female. Study the figures below (Figure 1). Note the difference in the last pair of chromosomes. These are the sex chromosomes and determine if the insect will be male or female. SORRY NO PICTURES ON-LINE 2. Along with normal Karyotype, you will need to know what genetic disorders you are looking for in your insects. Size reduction disorder: Appears when there is a monosomy of the sex chromosomes. A single large sex chromosome makes a small female insect while a single small sex chromosome makes a small male insect. (Figure 2) Clear wing disorder: Appears to result from a trisomy of the 2nd chromosomal pair. The extra chromosome produces a sterile insect that lacks coloring in its wing. (Figure 3) Duplication Disorder: Results from duplication in a chromosome. A repeated gene, from this duplication causes the insect to produce 2 heads. This duplication also produces banding on the wings and additional body segments. (Figure 4) Deletion Disorder: A portion of the sex chromosome is missing, deleted. This deletion reduces the number of body segments, and in turn reduces the body size. (Figure 5) 3. Collect your 6 karyotypes from the head insectologist, your teacher. 4. Have your team make a hypothesis as to what disorder will appear the most? Write your hypothesis in the space provided. 5. Cut out the chromosomes from each insect and paste them onto the appropriate karyotype space. Make sure you paste your chromosomes with their correct partner in the correct order (Compare them to the Figure 1- the normal karyotypes.) The centromere should be directly on the line. 6. Once all insects’ chromosomes are pasted on the sheet, answer the question on the back.