Download Examreview2013

SBI 3U: Biology
SBI3U Exam Review June 2013
Complete the following review in pen or pencil on lined paper.
UNIT #1 Genetics
Key terms:
karyotype
mitosis
autosomal
trait
recessive
co-dominance
pedigree
asexual
DNA
double helix
Diploid (2n)
monosomy
phenotype
genotype
oocyte
oogenesis
spermatocyte
spermatogenesis
chromatin
chromatid
incomplete dominance
haploid (n)
trisomy
multiple alleles
alleles
cell cycle
heterozygous
homologous pairs
crossing over
synapsis
meiosis
zygote
gene
homozygous
centromere
chromosome
Punnett square
sex-linked
monohybrid
carrier
paternal
maternal
gametes
dihybrid
dominant
variation/genetic diversity
sister chromatid
tetrad
nucleotides
nondisjunction
A,T,G,C
gene therapy
polar bodies
blood groups
Sample Questions:
1. Who was Mendel? Why is he considered the father of genetics?
2. Explain Mendel’s laws of segregation.
3. If you were to cross short haired rabbits (SS or Ss) with long haired rabbits (ss) and looked at the
offspring, how could you tell if:
a. Normal rules of dominance apply?
b. Incomplete dominance was occurring?
c. Co-dominance was occurring?
4. In cats striped fur is recessive to plain fur. If a striped cat is mated with a heterozygous cat, give the
genotypic and phenotypic percents of their offspring.
5. In horses there are black and white horses. There are also brown horses which are a mix of the two.
If two brown horses are crossed, give the genotypic and phenotypic percents of their offspring.
6. If a horse has long ears (a dominant characteristic), how can you determine if its genotype was
homozygous or heterozygous? Explain and show your work. (ie test cross)
7. Explain multiple alleles in terms of human blood types.
a. How is this also an example of both codominance and dominance?
b. An AB blood type man and O blood type woman have a child. What is the chance that this
child will be type O?
8. Sex-linked problems using Punnett squares (ex. Colour blindness, hemophilia)… A man who is colour
blind marries a woman who is a carrier. What is the chance of them having: a) a colour blind son
b) a colour blind daughter?
9. Use the pedigree to determine if the ‘taste-blindness’ trait is sex-linked or autosomal, recessive or
dominant. Then determine the genotype of the individuals in the pedigree.
10. Dihybrid crosses:
a. What is a dihybrid cross?
b. How is it different from a monohybrid cross?
c. If you start with an organism that is purebred dominant for two traits and cross it with an
organism that is purebred recessive of two traits what are the F1 and F2 genotypic and
phenotypic ratios of the dihybrid crosses?
11. Suppose a white, straight haired guinea pig mates with a brown, curly-haired animal. All five babies
in their first litter have brown fur, but three are curly and two have straight hair. The second litter
consists of six more brown offspring, where two are curly and four are straight haired.
a. Assuming curly is dominant to straight, what are the genotypes of the parents and the
offspring?
b. What is the probability of getting two female guinea pigs with straight hair in a row?
12. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual?
13. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
a. Outline the stages of Mitosis and Meiosis.
b. Create a table to compare/contrast these two processes.
14. What are two possible outcomes of abnormal meiosis?
15. What is the structure of DNA? What do A, G, T, C mean and how are they arranged in DNA?
UNIT #2 Diversity
Key Terms:
Binomial nomenclature
biodiversity
unicellular
multicellular
dichotomous key
Carl Linnaeus
organism
lytic /lysogenic cycle
taxonomy
phylogeny
symmetry
autotroph
prokaryote
eukaryote
virus
bacteriophage
species
heterotroph
Sample questions:
1. Use the principles of binomial nomenclature to explain how are organisms scientifically named.
2. Why do we need a system for classification?
3. Explain the lytic cycle for viruses.
4. How are bacteria and viruses harmful? Helpful?
5. What are the 7 taxonomic divisions?
6. Use a dichotomous key to identify organisms.
7. State 4-5 things about the following KINGDOMS: Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria, Fungi. Give some example organisms for each.
8. What are the 2 bacterial kingdoms? What are the shapes of bacteria (ie. Staphylococcus,etc)
9. What are the different methods of bacterial reproduction?
10. Describe the 3 distinct groups that make up the kingdom Protista. What are representative
organisms for each?
11. How are fungi different from plants?
12. What features are shared by all organisms in the animal kingdom?
14. State a characteristic and a representative organism for each of the following PHYLA: Arthropoda,
Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, mollusca, echinodermata, chordate
UNIT #3: Internal Systems
Key Terms:
DIGESTIVE:
amylase
bile
capillary
duodenum
ileum
jejunum
ascending, transverse, and
descending colon
esophagus
stomach
gastrin
pepsin
gall bladder
bicarbonate ions
HCl
hormone
liver
pyloric sphincter
gastroesophageal sphincter
villi
absorption
digestion
ingestion
pancreas
pH
lipase
carbohydrates
protein
peptide
Sample
amino
acid Questions:
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
glucose
bolus
epiglottis
saliva
mucus
pepsin
CIRCULATORY:
Plasma
hemoglobin
anemia
leukocyctes
lymphocytes
platelets
vasoconstriction
cardiac output
systolic pressure
diastolic pressure
spleen
aorta
vena cava
atrium
ventricle
S.A. node
A.V. node
Purkinje Fibres
AV valve
One-way valve (vein)
semi-lunar valve
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
diastole
systole
erythrocyte
RESPIRATORY:
diaphragm
trachea
bronchi
nasal cavity
gas exchange
larynx
inhalation
exhalation
alveoli
trachea
bronchioles
pharynx
epiglottis
breathing centre in brain
tidal volume
residual volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
vital capacity
pleura
Digestion Review
1. Label the Internal Systems Unit diagrams – attached.
2. Outline the pathway of digestion.
3.
Identify digestive organs involved in mechanical digestion.
4. Identify the organs involved in chemical digestion. Name their digestive juices what they contain.
Identify the enzymes and which macromolecules they digest.
5. What does the liver produce? Where is this product stored? What does it do?
6. You take a bite of an apple, name the organs that the piece will pass by in order and put these in a
table. In the second column give the function of each structure.
7. List 3 diseases of the digestive system; give their cause, symptoms and treatment.
Circulation Review
8.
Label the Internal Systems Unit diagrams – attached.
9. Explain the flow of blood through the heart to parts of the body (including lungs)
10. Compare structure and function of veins, capillaries, arteries.
11. Compare structure and function of rbc (erythrocytes), wbc (leukocyctes), and platelets.
12. What are the main functions of blood?
13. List 3 diseases of the circulatory system; give their cause, symptoms and treatment.
14. Starting at the heart put the following in order following a drop of blood: vein, venule, artery, heart,
arteriole, capillary, vena cava.
15. What happens when blood passes through the capillaries?
16. What is your pulse and what causes it?
17. What are the two numbers for blood pressure? What does each mean?
Respiration Review
18. Label the Internal Systems Unit diagrams – attached.
19. Explain what steps and muscles are involved in breathing. How do volume and pressure changes
lead to inspiration and expiration?
20. How is the air that is inhaled different than the air that is exhaled? (i.e. in terms of Carbon dioxide
and oxygen concentrations, for example)
21. Explain the process of gas exchange at the lungs and at the tissues. What type of ‘respiration’ is
each?
22. Put the following structures of the respiratory system in order starting from the nose to the alveoli
of your lungs in a table. In the second column give the function of the structure.
Trachea, epiglottis, nasal cavity, pharynx, bronchi, alveoli, bronchiole.
23. Trace the pathway of an oxygen molecule from the external environment to the cell.
24. How is the structure of the trachea/bronchi well suited to its function?
25. What are tidal volume and vital capacity?
26. List 3 diseases of the respiratory system; give their cause, symptoms and treatment.
Unit #4 Plants
Key Terms:
Vascular tissue
Dermal tissue
Ground tissue
Meristematic tissue
Cotelydon
Monocot
Dicot
Vascular bundles
Angiosperm
Gymnosperm
Xylem
Phloem
Pressure flow theory
Transpiration-Pull theory
Translocation
Root cap
Fibrous
Taproot
Chloroplast
Mesophyll cells
Epidermis
Cuticle
Endodermis
Sample Questions
1. Label the diagrams from the plant unit (attached).
2. What is the photosynthesis equation?
3. How does the stem of a monocot differ from that of a dicot stem?
4. Outline the steps of water/sugar transport in plants.
5. What are tropisms? (phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism)
6. What are plant growth regulators and how to they work? (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins,
ethylene, abscisic acid)
7. Give three differences between the following: Vascular vs. non-vascular plants; Gymnosperms
vs. angiosperms; monocots vs. dicots.
8. What is negative and positive tropism?
9. Draw a diagram for each: phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism.
UNIT #5 Evolution
Key Terms:
-scientific theory
-gene pool
-postzygotic mechanism
-beneficial mutation
-neutral mutation
-harmful mutation
-artificial selection
-fossils
-Charles Darwin
-homologous feature
-analogous feature
-vestigial feature
-natural selection
-survival of the fittest
-homologous gene
-directional selection
-stabilizing selection
-disruptive selection
-sexual selection
-genetic drift
-genetic bottleneck
-founder effect
-microevolution
-speciation
-prezygotic mechanism
-allopatric speciation
-sympatric speciation
-divergent evolution
-convergent evolution
-coevolution
-macroevolution
-abiogenesis
-phylogeny
-reproductive isolating mechanisms
-Hardy Weinburg Problems
Sample Questions:
1. Outline the ideas and contributions of Lamarck, E. Darwin and Linnaeus, Cuvier and Lyell that
lead to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
2. What are the potential effects of mutations on a species? How do they affect reproductive
success? Which type is most common? Will the mutation become more or less common in
future generations? Why?
3. Differentiate between homologous, analogous and vestigial features. How do these types of
features support the theory of evolution?
4. Why is competition within a species a key factor in evolution by natural selection?
5. What observations and inferences did Darwin make while proposing the theory of evolution by
natural selection? Define Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
6. Give 4 examples of observations that could falsify Darwin’s theory of evolution.
7. How has the modern theory of evolution changed? What do we now know that Darwin did not?
What have technological advances in DNA and fossils (more complete fossil evidence)
contributed to the theory of evolution by natural selection?
8. Differentiate between and give examples of the 3 following patterns of natural selection –
directional, stabilizing and disruptive.
9. What is sexual selection? How does this influence natural selection? Give an example.
10. What is speciation? What are some modes of speciation? Identify the different mechanisms in
each mode of speciation.
11. What are some patterns of evolution? Differentiate between adaptive radiation, divergent,
convergent and coevolution.
12. In his spare time, Mr. Sicoli breeds a rare species of Tabby Cat in which there is a recessive
disorder causing hairless cats. You have sampled a population of his cats and found that the
percentage of hairless cats is 4%. Using the Hardy-Weinberg equations, find the allele
frequencies and genotype frequencies of Mr. Sicoli’s Tabby Cats. Assuming Sicoli has a
population of 200 cats, how many would be carriers of the recessive disorder.
INTERNAL SYSTEMS DIAGRAMS
PLANT Diagrams – Mix and match the title with the diagram and then label the parts
___Dicot Root cross-section
___Lateral view of root
___Leaf cross-section
___Dicot Stem cross-section
___Monocot stem cross-section
___Leaf blade
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
1.
.
6.