Download Biology Study Guide Name: What is homeostasis?

Biology Study Guide
Name:__________________________
What is homeostasis? Why is it important in living organisms? (Ch 1)
Homeostasis- Organisms must maintain relatively constant physical and chemical conditions to stay
alive. Ex.) regulation of body temperature, water, nutrients, blood pressure, etc.
Chapters 3-6 Ecology
What is a species? (3.1)
Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
Examples) humans, deer, oak trees
1.) In the food web, label each organism: (Some may have more than one label) (3.3)
P = producer
1 = Primary Consumer
2= Secondary Consumer
3 = Tertiary Consumer
2.) Then label each animal as either a: H = herbivore
C = carnivore
O = omnivore
In which direction does the arrow point on a food chain? (3.3)
Toward the direction that energy flows when one organism eats another.
What type of organism is at the bottom of every food chain? primary producers OR autotrophs
What does the snake eat on the above food web? frog
What eats the worm? bird AND frog
What organism is an autotroph? tree (it makes its own food from the sun through photosynthesis)
Make a list of 3 biotic factors and 3 abiotic factors. (3.1)
Abiotic: rocks, weather, soil type (anything not living)
Biotic: competition with another species, lack of food, disease (anything living that affects another)
How much energy is transferred from level to level in a food chain? 10 % (3.3)
Label how much energy remains at each step of the following food chain:
grass → mouse → hawk
100%
10%
1%
What is biomass? Would the top or bottom of the food chain have more? (3.3)
The total amount of living matter at each trophic level. The bottom of the food chain has more biomass
because there are more organisms at the bottom (primary producers)
What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? (Ch 4.3)
Primary succession starts with bare rock, while secondary succesion occurs after an existing community
is disturbed.
What type of succession occurs when a forest burns in a fire? secondary (4.3)
What type of succession occurs when an uncut lawn grows into a forest? secondary (4.3)
What type of succession occurs after a lava flow covers the land? primary (4.3)
What is the first species to colonize bare land called? pioneer species (4.3)
Succession ends when a climax community is formed, typically a forest. (4.3)
A population grows exponentially until it reaches carrying capacity, the point where deaths equal births. (5.1)
List some limiting factors that restrict population sizes (5.2)
density dependent: competition, lack of food, disease
density independent: disease, weather, lack of shelter
Draw a graph that shows a population growing exponentially until it reaches carrying capacity. (5.1-5.2)
Carrying capacity
How do invasive (exotic) species affect an ecosystem. (Ch 6)
Invasive species do not have natural predators and tend to reproduce exponentially, disrupting the food
web, and out-competing native species for limited resources causing them to die off.
Match the following terms about the environment:
A- smog
B- acid rain C- greenhouse gases
__B__
__E__
__A__
__F__
D- CFCs
E- global warming
F- UV rays
Precipitation that can kill plants and change the chemistry of soil. _D_ Destroy the ozone layer
Caused by buildup of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels.
Smoke caused by burning fossil fuels.
_C_ Traps heat at the Earth's surface.
Ozone blocks these.
What is biodiversity? (6)
The number of different species in an ecosystem.
Chemistry / Biomolecules
What is a polar molecule? (2.2)
A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge. (+ and a - end). Water is a polar molecule.
What is a hydrogen bond (van der walls force)? How strong is it compared to other bonds?
A bond between the + and - ends of a polar molecule such as water. It is relatively weak, but allows water
molecules to stick together.
What is an enzyme? How can extreme changes in temperature or pH affect the structure and function of
proteins/enzymes
An enzyme is a protein that helps speed up reactions in organisms. Changes in temper or pH denature or
change the shape of enzymes, making them useless as the substrate no longer fits into the active site
(lock and key example)
Use the following terms to complete the table about biomolecules (2.3):
FUNCTIONS: (energy) (energy storage) (build structure/enzymes) (store genetic information)
EXAMPLES: (starches, sugars, cellulose) (fats, oils, waxes) (DNA/RNA) (muscle tissue) (enzymes)
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Give the
function
energy
build
structure/enzymes
energy storage
store genetic
information
Give at least
one example
of this type of
molecule.
starches, sugars,
cellulose
fats, oils, waxes
DNA/RNA
1.muscle tissue
2.enzymes
Cells- Ch 7-9
List the three parts of the cell theory below (7.1):
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
What is an organelle? (7.1)
A specialized structure found within a cell.
Complete the following tables by checking the correct box: (7.1-7.2)
Statement
Prokaryotic
Cells lacking internal membrane-bound organelles
x
Do not have a nucleus
x
Usually are the smallest cells in existence.
x
Plants and animals
Typically unicellular
Eukaryotic Both
x
x
Contains DNA
x
Contains a cell membrane
x
Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic? How do you know? (7.1)
Prokaryotic, it does not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles.
Matching (7.2)
___j___mitochondria
___d___chloroplasts
___a___cell wall
___c___cell membrane
___b___nucleus
___e___lysosome
___f___vacuole
___k___golgi apparatus
___h___ ER
___g___ribosomes
___i___cytoplasm
a. outside protective covering of a plant cell
b. control center of the cell
c. control what enters and leaves the cell
d. traps sunlight and changes it into chemical energy
e. digests waste or worn out cell parts
f. temporary storage for water, food and enzymes
g. makes proteins
h. folded membranes, site of protein synthesis
i. gel material inside the cell
j. transforms energy for the cell
k. flattened stack of membranes that modifies proteins
Why do many organelles have folds? (7.2)
Folded membranes provide for more surface area in a small space for chemical reactions to occur.
Label the following Cell. (7.2)
A. endoplasmic reticulum
B. cytoplasm
C. golgi apparatus
D. nucleolus
E. nucleus
F. mitochondria
G. centrioles
H. ribosome
I. cell membrane OR plasma membrane
1.) Is this cell: (circle one):
A.) plant
B.) animal
How do you know?
It is round, does not contain chloroplasts, and contains centrioles
2.) Is this cell: (circle one)
A.) prokaryotic
How do you know?
It has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
B.) eukaryotic
Label the following Cell. (7.2)
1.) Is this cell: (circle one):
A.) plant
B.) animal
How do you know? It has chloroplasts, a cell wall, a large central vacuole, and is square shaped
2.) Is this cell: (circle one)
A.) prokaryotic
B.) eukaryotic
How do you know?
It has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Statement
Contain chloroplasts
Plant
Animal
x
Has a nucleus
x
Contains centrioles
x
Contains DNA
x
Have a large central vacuole
x
Contain a cell wall
x
Contains a cell membrane
Both
x
Chapter 7.3
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Controls what enters and leaves the cell / Forms a barrier between the cell and its environement.
What would happen if the plasma membrane was not selectively permeable?
The cell would not be able to control what enters and leaves. The cell would die.
Draw and label a phospholipid.
O - polar head
|| - 2 fatty acid tails
Why do the heads and tails line up the way they do in a phospholipid bilayer?
The heads are polar and attracted to water. The tails are nonpolar and avoid water.
A
B
D
C
Part A is a membrane protein. Its function within the membrane is to
allow larger molecules to pass through the membrane.
Part B is a phospholipid. Its function within the membrane is to
forms the barrier between the cell and its environment.
Part C is a cholesterol. Its function within the membrane is to
stabilize the membrane (prevents holes from forming).
Part D is a carbohydrate chain. Its function within the membrane is to
receive communication from other cells.
Complete the following table. (Ch 7.3)
Simple Diffusion
Energy Required? (Y/N)
Substances move:
With (high to low) OR
Against (low to high) the gradient?
Protein Used? (Y/N)
If yes give the type
Explain the process / How does it
work?
Facilitated Diffusion Endocytosis / Exocytosis
N
N
Y
with
with
against
N
Y, transport or
channel
N
Flow of particles from
high to low
concentration
Particles move
The cell surrounds and
through a membrane takes in (endo) or expells
protein
waste (exo)
What is osmosis? (7.3)
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Explain how diffusion works. (7.3)
Particles flow from high to low concentration through a process called Brownian motion. Diffusion stops
when equilibrium is reached.
If a cell with a salt concentration of 50% is placed in a pure water (salt concentration = 0%),
what will happen to the cell? water enters the cell (the cell may swell or burst)
What type of solution is this? hypotonic
If a cell with a salt concentration of 60% is placed in a solution with a salt concentration of 97%
what will happen to the cell? water leaves the cell (the cell may shrivel)
What type of solution is this? hypertonic
If a cell with a salt concentration of 10% is placed in a solution with a salt concentration of 10%
what will happen to the cell? water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate
What type of solution is this? isotonic
What is equilibrium?
When the net concentration is not changing such as when water or particles flow in and out at the same
rate.
Type of
Solution
Concentration of
solutes
Flow of Water
Effect on Cell
Isotonic
Same both inside
and out
In and out at the
same rate
equilibrium
Hypotonic
The solution has a
lower solute
concentration
Water flows in
The cell swells or may burst
Hypertonic
The solution has a
higher solute
concentration
Water flows out
The cell shrinks
Drawing
Chapter 8-9
The main energy molecule for cells is __.
a. AMP
b. ADP
c. ATP
d. ARP
Breaking these parts of ATP releases energy for the cell.
a. adenine bonds
b. phosphate bonds
c. ribose bonds
d. glucose bonds
How would you make this ADP molecule into ATP? adding a phosphate
What happens when a phosphate is added to ADP?
a. energy is released
b. energy is stored
c. energy is lost
d. energy is fun
What foods contain the most energy for humans?
a. proteins
b. lipids
c. nucleic acids
d. carbohydrates
Cellular Respiration:
What does each of the following represent in CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
6CO2
C6H12O6
6H2O
6O2
ENERGY
carbon dioxide
ATP
glucose (simple
sugar)
water
oxygen
Equation for cellular respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (ATP)
Photosynthesis:
Equation for photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (Sunlight)→ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
What does ENERGY represent in photosynthesis? sunlight
How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?
They are opposites. Photosynthesis makes food, cellular respiration breaks food down.
Use the following picture to answer the following questions. (Ch 7,9)
AA
What organelle is this? chloroplast
Part A labeled in the diagram refers to what part of the organelle? thylakoid
Would this organelle be found in a plant or animal? plant
What cellular energy process would occur in this organelle? photosynthesis
What organelle is this? mitochondria
What cellular energy process occurs in this organelle?
cellular respiration
Why is it folded?
Folded membranes provide for more surface area for the chemical
reactions of cellular respiration to produce more ATP (energy) from
food.
Chapter 10
What is the purpose of mitosis? (Why is mitosis necessary in an organism?)
- to replace dead cells, growth, reproduction in asexual organisms
- It is necessary because large cells are not efficient in taking in nutrients
due to lack of surface area AND a large cell would not have enough copies
of its DNA to support its protein needs.
What is a chromosome made of? Draw and label a chromosome:
A chromosome is made of condensed DNA.
Place an X in the box or boxes that match the description about interphase and mitosis:
Statement
Cell growth occurs
Nuclear division occurs
Normal cell metabolism
Protein production is high
Chromosomes are duplicated
DNA synthesis occurs
Cells spend the majority of the time in this
Mitochondria and other organelles are made.
Consists of G1, G2, and S phases
Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Interphase Mitosis
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Place an X in the box or boxes that match the description:
not a part of mitosis
1st phase of mitosis
chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
chromosomes separate
chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
the cell begins to split
cytokinesis follow this step
the nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate
DNA is copied and the cell grows in size
chromosomes are visible in these phases
the nuclear envelope re-appears
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
What controls each phase of the cell cycle? (10.3) What happens when the cell cycle is uncontrolled? (10.3)
- cyclins (proteins that regulate the cell cycle)
-Uncontrolled cell division is cancer, which forms a mass of cells called a tumor.
How is meiosis different from mitosis? (11.4)
Number of cells at start:
Mitosis
1
Meiosis
1
Number of cells at end
2
4
Are the cells identical or unique
identical (same as parent cell)
unique (all different)
Type of reproduction (sexual or asexual) asexual
sexual
Produces what type of cells (sex or
body)
body
sex
Number of divisions (1 or 2)
1
2
Change in chromosome number
NO (cells stay diploid)
Produces haploid cells from a diploid
What does it mean for a cell to be "differentiated"? How can a cell be differentiated if they all have the same
DNA?
The process by which cells become specialized to perform a specific function. They start as stem cells.
Different genes are activated in different cells.
Place an X in the box that applies about sexual vs. asexual reproduction: (10.2: P 277-278):
Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction
Occurs in single celled organisms
x
Occurs in animals
x
Occurs in bacteria
x
Produces genetically identical cells
x
Produces genetically different cells
x
Occurs quickly
x
Involves the fusion of 2 parent cells
x
Responsible for genetic diversity / adaptations that allow
x
organisms to survive in a range of conditions
Chapter 11- Genetics
The scientist that first applied probability to genetics to understand how traits are passed from parents to offspring
was Gregor Mendel. He studied pea plants.
Explain the rule of dominance. Give an example.
The rule of dominance states that a dominant allele completely covers up a recessive allele. There is no
in-between form of a trait when an organism has one of each.
For example, a pea plant that is heterozygous (has one allele for tall, one for short) is tall since tall is
dominant to short.
Matching:
Use the 3 terms below to fill in the blanks below.
Rule of Dominance
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
1. The principle that living things have two copies of each gene (alleles) and that they therefore can pass on
two different types of gametes is:
Law of Segregation.
2. The principle stating that genes for different traits are inherited separately of one another is:
Law of Independent Assortment.
Punnett Squares
Label each of the following genotypes as homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or recessive:
TT: homozygous dominant Tt :heterozygous
tt: recessive
If T= tall and t= short, give the phenotype of each of the following:
TT: tall
Tt: tall
tt: short
Two short (recessive) pea plants are crossed. Could they produce a tall pea plant? NO, no allele for short
Why or why not? Show your Punnett Square(s) here:
Ratio= _____ tall : _____ short
Two tall pea plants are crossed. Could they produce a short pea plant? YES
Why or why not? Show your Punnett Square(s) here:
Using the above information from the Punnett Square, an individual that is homozygous dominant would have
what genotype? TT
and phenotype? tall
What other genotype would yield the same phenotype? Tt
Why isn't a plant that is heterozygous medium height?
A dominant allele covers up a recessive allele completely (rule of dominance)
Chapter 12- 13: DNA / Making Proteins
What are the 3 parts to a DNA nucleotide? deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
(12.2: P 345)
How do the nitrogenous bases in DNA pair up? Adenine with thymine (A-T)
How do the nitrogenous bases in RNA pair up? Adenine with uracil (A-U)
Cytosine with guanine (C-G)
Cytosine with guanine (C-G)
Does each cell in your body have the same exact DNA? YES
DNA holds the instructions for making proteins.
Why are the proteins produced different in a hair cell and a skin cell even though they have the same DNA?
Different genes are activated in different cells because cells are specialized.
What is the Central Dogma of Biology?
Transcription
DNA
RNA
Translation
protein
The process of DNA being copied into new strands of DNA is called what?
replication
The process of DNA being copied into a strand of mRNA is called what?
transcription
The process where the instructions on mRNA is read to produce a protein is called what?
translation
All proteins start with a start codon and end with a stop codon.
What are the three differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA
RNA
# of strands 2
1
bases
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine (A-T , C- Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine (A -U , CG)
G)
sugar
deoxyribose
ribose
A codon is a group of how many bases in mRNA? 3
Explain how a protein is made starting with a DNA strand in the nucleus by placing the following in order:
__2__ An mRNA copy of the DNA is made
__4__ Each mRNA codon is paired with a matching tRNA anticodon
__3__ The mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
__1__ The DNA strand is unzipped
__5__ A protein chain is made and bonded together with peptide bonds.
__6__ The protein chain is released when a stop codon is reached.
Compare and contrast point mutation and frameshift mutation.
A point mutation substitutes one base for another and affects one amino acid in a protein ONLY.
A frameshift mutation inserts or deletes a base and can affect every amino acid in the DNA strand located
after it.
Which type of mutation does the most damage to a protein? Why?
Frameshift, because it affect more amino acids in a protein.
What is the difference between a protein and an amino acid?
A protein is a chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
A DNA segment is changed from AATACCGATAGCGAA to AATACCGATCAGCGAA.
Hint: Break up each strand into codons and find the amino acids using the chart below.
What type of mutation is this? frameshift (a C was added)
What protein did the original strand code for?
Hint: Break up each strand into codons and find the amino acids using the chart below.
DNA:
AAT
mRNA: UUA
ACC
GAT
AGC
GAA
UGG CUA
UCG
CUU
protein: leu-------trp-----leu-----ser------leu
What does the new strand code for?
DNA:
AAT
ACC
GAT
CAG
CGA
A
mRNA:
UUA
UGG
CUA
GUC
GCU
U
protein: leu-------trp-----leu-------val------ala
How can this affect an organism?
This mutation affects every amino acid in the protein past the frameshift. Many mutations have no effect
on the organism, although it has the potential to cause a problem, including cancer, depending on the
type of cell in which it occurred in.
For a mutation to be passed to offspring, what type of cell must it occur in: a gamete or body cell? Why?
A gamete or sex cell is the only cell where a mutation can be passed to offspring.
Chapter 16-17
Explain the endosymbiont theory in as much detail as possible. Include in your explanation the key termsmitochondria, chloroplast, prokaryote, and eukaryote. Use complete sentences. (Ch 14)
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally prokaryotes were ingested by a larger prokaryote.
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts became energy producing organelles for eukaryote.
-This is how all eukaryotic cells evolved.
-This rejects the idea of spontaneous generation and builds upon the idea of biogenesis.
All multicellular organisms begin as a single cell. (True / False)
Explain how natural selection is related to Darwin’s theory of evolution. Use key terms such as- natural selection,
adaptation, DNA, anatomy, biochemistry, etc…(ch 16)
1) Natural selection leads organisms that are best adapted to their environment to survive and reproduce,
changing the composition of future populations.
2) Adaptations such as mimicry, camouflage or physiological changes aid in an organism’s survival.
3) Similarities in DNA (the more similar the sequence the more closely they are related), anatomical
structures (analogous, homologous, vestigial structures, embryology), and biochemistry (proteins/ amino
acids) provide evidence for evolution.
Example: A mutation causes a giraffe to have a longer neck in an environment where food on lower branches is
a limiting factor. This giraffe is able to reach the leaves higher on the trees, so it has access to food when others
do not. This is an adaptation that provides greater fitness and this giraffe will survive longer and reproduce more
over time leading to more giraffes in the population with longer necks.
Compare and contrast homologous and analogous structures:
Description
Homologous Structures that are shared by related species and that have
structure
been inherited from a common ancestor.
NOTE: The structure is similar, the function may not be.
Example
Related
through
evolution
(Y/N)
Bird wings,
alligator arms,
frog arms, horse
legs.
y
Analogous
structure
Body parts that share common function, but not structure.
Vestigial
structure
Inherited from ancestors, but have lost most or all of their original Human appendix, y
function, likely due to the structure not providing an advantage or hipbone on the
disadvantage for natural selection to act on it.
bottlenose dolphin
Compare convergent evolution to divergent evolution:
Type of evolution Description
Divergent
When two species evolve traits making
Evolution
them more different.
Convergent
Evolution
When two species evolve traits making
them more similar.
Bird wing, a bee's n
wing
Example
A species is split into 2 groups and each adapts
characteristics beneficial to their habitat,
forming a new species
2 unrelated species adapt to an environment by
evolving similar traits
1) Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of birds with similar body shape and size, but they vary greatly in color and
in beak shape. Their beak shapes changed over time in response to different foods available. This is an example of
which of the following?
a. spontaneous generation
b. artificial selection
c. convergent evolution
d. divergent evolution
2) The flying squirrel of North America closely resembles the flying phalanger of Australia. They are similar in size
and appearance because they live in similar habitats.
a. spontaneous generation
b. artificial selection
c. convergent evolution
d. divergent evolution
3) Type of selection that favors only the average individuals in a population.
a. directional
b. stabilizing
c. disruptive
d. natural
4) Type of selection that favors individuals with both of the extreme variations of a trait and eliminates the
intermediate phenotypes.
a. directional
b. stabilizing
c. disruptive
d. natural
5) Type of selection that favors only one of the extreme variations of a trait in a population.
a. directional
b. stabilizing
c. disruptive
d. natural
6) The transport of genes in and out of a gene pool by migrating individuals is called:
a. gene flow
b. gene drift
c. direct evolution
d. random mating
7) Each species were once similar to an ancestral species but have become increasingly distinct from the original
because they have adapted to different resources available.
a. spontaneous generation
b. artificial selection
c. convergent evolution
d. divergent evolution
8) When distantly related organisms evolve similar traits when they occupy similar environments in different parts
of the world it is known as:
a. spontaneous generation
b. artificial selection
c. convergent evolution
d. divergent evolution
9) The concept that speciation and evolution occurs quickly in rapid bursts with long periods of genetic equilibrium
in between is called:
a. genetic drift
b. reproductive isolation
c. gradualism
d. punctuated equilibrium
10) A population of squirrels lived in Arizona many many years ago. As the Colorado River cut through the land to
create the Grand Canyon the squirrels were split into two groups, one on each side. The northern squirrels had
bushy tails and gray fur. The southern squirrels became lean and scrappy. They could not reproduce with each
other any more and became two separate species. This is an example of:
a. geographic isolation
b. genetic drift
c. gene flow
d. stabilizing selection
11) The idea that species originate through a gradual change of adaptations.
a. punctuated equilibrium
b. directional selection
c. convergent evolution
d. gradualism
12) This occurs when formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
a. reproductive isolation
b. artificial selection
c. punctuated equilibrium
d. disruptive selection
13) This occurs whenever a physical barrier divides a population.
a. geographic isolation
b. genetic drift
c. gene flow
d. stabilizing selection
14) This disrupts genetic equilibrium by altering the allelic frequency of a population by chance events.
a. genetic drift
b. gene flow
c. immigration
d. gradualism
15) Two populations of tree frogs of the same species live in Pinhook Bog in Michigan City. One population mates in
the spring and one population mates in the fall. They cannot breed with each other because of their mating cycles.
This is an example of:
a. reproductive isolation
b. artificial selection
c. punctuated equilibrium
d. disruptive selection
Chapters 18
What is taxonomy (systematics)? (Ch 18, 512)
To organize living things into groups that have biological meaning.
What is a cladogram? (517)
A diagram that links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off
from common ancestors.
Look at figure 18-9 (P 519). Clade Mammalia and amniota share what derived characteristics?
four limbs, amniotic egg (egg with membranes)
Look at figure 18-19. Reptiles share a common ancestor with what other species?
amphibians
What did Carolus Linnaeus develop in the 1730s? Why is this important? (512)
The two word naming system called binomial nomenclature. Each species is assigned a two part
scientific name consisting of: Genus species (note: the genus is capitalized, species is not).
List the levels of classification in Linneaus' classification system from most broad (highest # of organisms) to most
specific (fewest # of organisms) (514)
Kingdon, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
most species-----------------------------------> fewest species
How many different organisms share the same species name? (514) only 1 organism
Fill out the following table: (524)
Kingdom
Domain
Cell Type
# of cells
prokaryotic or unicellular or
eukaryotic
multicellular
Mode of nutrition
autotroph or
heterotroph
Eubacteria
bacteria
prokaryotic
unicellular
auto or heterotroph E. coli
Archaebacteria
archaebacteria
prokaryotic
unicellular
auto or heterotroph deep sea bacteria
Protist
eukarya
eukaryotic
multi
auto or heterotroph pond organisms
Fungi
eukarya
eukaryotic
multi
heterotroph
mold
Plant
eukarya
eukaryotic
multi
autotroph
tree
Animal
eukarya
eukaryotic
multi
heterotroph
bear
Example
How does the body's immune system respond to a foreign invader?
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect
the body. The cells involved are white blood cells, or leukocytes, which come in two basic types that
combine to seek out and destroy disease-causing organisms or substances.
1. phagocytes, cells that chew up invading organisms
2. lymphocytes, cells that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help
the body destroy them