Download Biology Final Study Guide

Study Guide
Honors Biology - Barreto
FINAL EXAM 2010
EXAM:
Period
1st
2nd
4th
5th
6th
Date
Monday 6/7
Tuesday 6/8
Friday 6/4
Tuesday 6/8
Friday 6/4
Time
7:30 am
7:30 am
9:45 am
9:55 am
12:30 pm
MATERIAL COVERED:
Exam is cumulative, covering all lecture notes, assigned readings, labs, and
homework for the ENTIRE year (focused more on last half of year material).
This list is only a study guide, questions to help you evaluate your knowledge. It is not a mandatory assignment,
though it is obviously to your benefit to use it to help you prepare. Try to verbalize your answers while studying
and jot down key ideas. Please bring any questions you have to review sessions – the 2 classes before exams.
For extra practice, use vocabulary flashcards, concept checks, chapter reviews, online chapter assessments, or
creating your own study materials.
There are 85 multiple choice questions on the exam and you will need to answer only ONE short essay,
which you will select from 8 choices.
Extra credit opportunity - The student from each period who prepares the most organized, compact, concise,
visual, useful study guide for the year’s material will receive a letter grade boost on their final exam. (does not
need to be created from the questions below) Entries are due at the beginning of the last class before your exam
date. This competition will be judged by Mrs. Barreto only, and any harassment about the judging will disqualify
your entry.
Scientific Method & Introduction
1. What are the steps of the scientific method?
2. Why is it important for an experiment to be controlled? What does that even mean?
3. Define theory and hypothesis. How are they related? How can a hypothesis become a theory?
4. How do the general public and scientists interpret the word “theory” differently? – Important
5. What are the domains of life? Kingdoms?
6. Review the themes of biology – where have we repeated these themes throughout the year?
Levels of Organization & Cell Chemistry
7. How are the following terms related? atom, molecule, organelle, cell, organ, tissue, organ system, organism,
population, community, ecosystem. Give an example for each level of organization.
8. What is an atom made of? How do atoms interact with one another (bonding types)?
9. Know the “molecules of life”: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. What basic role(s) does each
type of molecule play in a cell or a living organism?
10. Know the monomer (single unit) and polymer (long chain) forms of the molecules of life: amino acids, nucleic
acids, proteins, nucleotides … How are they related to each other?
Cell Structure and Function, and Membranes
11. What differences exist between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? What similarities do they have?
12. Compare active and passive transport methods.
13. Why do cells have organelles—what’s the benefit?
14. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus, ER, Golgi, ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and
lysosomes. How are organelles and vesicles related?
Energy, Enzymes & Metabolism
15. What are enzymes? What do they do? What kind of molecule are they made of?
16. Not all proteins work as enzymes. Explain. (Hint: consider spindle fibers, cytoskeleton, hemoglobin…)
17. How do cells get energy from food? Summarize the process (include all stages).
18. How do living organisms get energy from the sun? Summarize the process (including the steps).
Ecology
19. Define the terms ecosystem, population, community, organism. How do these terms relate to each other?
20. What are the major land biomes and aquatic ecosystems we studied?
21. What trends are shown by populations that are growing? How do these relate to carrying capacity?
22. Describe the types of interactions between organisms: competition, predation, commensalism, parasitism,
mutualism.
23. Know the biogeochemical cycles – Water, CO2-O2, Nitrogen.
DNA Replication, Cell Division, and the Cell Cycle
24. Describe the structure of DNA. Know the names of the 4 DNA bases, and which ones form pairs. Why is the
sequence of bases so important?
25. When does DNA copying occur? Relate this to the cell cycle.
26. What is a mutation? Why/how does it have an effect on the whole organism? What does it do to a protein?
How does that change an organism’s phenotype or “traits”?
27. What is a chromosome? What is it made of? Where are the genes?
28. For mitosis and meiosis, you may want to download and print diagrams from the class web site, or carefully
study the diagrams in your book. What is the main purpose of mitosis? What happens to the chromosomes
during the 4 phases of mitosis? How many cells are formed by mitosis?
29. If a cell with 14 chromosomes goes through DNA replication and then mitosis, how many chromosomes will
the daughter cells have, and why? Where in your body would you find cells going through mitosis?
30. What are homologous chromosomes? How are they different from sister chromatids? Which one results from
DNA replication? from fertilization?
31. What is the main purpose of meiosis? What kind of cells does it make, and why do we need a process other
than mitosis to do this? Describe in general terms how the process of meiosis is different from mitosis. What
happens to homologous chromosomes during meiosis, and why is this important? Where in your body would
you find cells going through meiosis?
32. Compare the number of cells formed by mitosis versus meiosis. Why do eggs or sperm need half as many
chromosomes as other body cells? What would happen to the amount of DNA in a baby if eggs and sperm had
the same number of chromosomes as body cells—and why would that be a problem?
33. How is meiosis different from fertilization? What is the role of gametes (eggs and sperm) in each process?
Cell Cycle & Cancer
34. Describe the stages of the cell cycle, in order. Generally speaking, what happens during G1, S, and G2? How
are these stages related to interphase?
35. Explain this statement: “Cancer is a disease of the cell cycle.” See if you can relate this to topics from genetics
and gene regulation. Why is it so bad to have cells that divide so quickly?
36. What is a tumor? Explain metastasis, and why only cancer cells do this.
Genetics
37. Review how to do Punnett squares and crosses. Do some practice problems.
38. How are the karyotypes of men and women different?
39. Why are X-linked traits more common in men?
40. What is Down syndrome?
41. Explain the difference between recessive, dominant, codominant, and incompletely dominant. Describe some
examples. How would a cross between red and white flowers be different if the red gene was dominant?
recessive? codominant? incompletely dominant?
Transcription, Translation and the Genetic Code
42. How is RNA different from DNA?
43. Do the following processes involve RNA, DNA, or both: DNA replication, transcription, translation?
44. How are genes and proteins related to visible traits?
45. In terms of the genetic code, how do mutations in DNA affect traits?
Introduction to Evolution
46. Discuss the five types of evidence used to study evolution and to determine how species are related: fossils,
anatomy, embryos, biogeography, and molecular studies.
47. How are homologous and analogous structures different? give examples of each.
48. Describe the theory of natural selection. Why is genetic variation needed for natural selection to occur? What
other factors are necessary? Explain how natural selection causes some traits to become more common in a
population over several generations.
49. Why are “useless” (vestigial) body parts (like leg and pelvic bones in a whale) significant, in light of evolution?
50. Why is mutation important for evolution to occur? Why doesn’t natural selection usually create “perfect”
creatures?
51. Define and give examples of artificial selection. How is it similar to and different from natural selection?
52. Define population, species, and gene pool.
53. Define evolution. Why do we say “populations evolve, individuals do not”?
Diversity of Life - Microbes
54. How old is life on earth? What were the first organisms?
55. What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?
56. What are key differences between viruses and bacteria? Sketch an example of each, label important features.
How can each cause disease? What kind of defenses do we have against these diseases?
57. What’s the difference between bacteria and archaeans?
58. How did eukaryotic cells evolve? Explain the theory.
59. What is a protist? What are the three main categories of protists? Give examples of each
60. Which protists move? How?
Diversity (cont’d) – Animals
61. When did the first animals live? When did they diversify?
62. What are the characteristics of animals?
63. What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome?
64. Describe the 8 invertebrate phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca,
Arthropoda, Echinodermata. What are the key characteristics of each?
65. What are the characteristics of chordates?
66. Describe the 7 classes of chordates and their unique characteristics: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes,
Amphibia, Reptilia, Mammalia, Aves.