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UNIT 4 KEY TERMS & BIG IDEAS: 1.Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring, and the DNA inside your cells’ nuclei helps determine nearly everything your body is and does. 2. Mitosis is the process where 1 nucleus of a body cells divides to form 2 identical nuclei used for repair and growth. 3. Meiosis is the process where 1 nucleus of a fertilized cell divides twice to form four sex cells with half as many chromosomes so that when organisms sexually reproduce, the offspring won’t have double the chromosomes. 4. Some plants and animals can reproduce asexually which produce genetically identical organisms, while some plants and animals can reproduce sexually to make genetically different organisms. 5. Organisms with helpful adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce which eventually may become a separate species over time Nucleus: the control center of plant AND animal cells that contain all genetic information Chromosomes: bundles of DNA Chromosomes Mitosis- cell division process that makes more exact copies of body cells with the same amount of chromosomes Asexual Reproduction: Only one organism needed to make more of its own kind with same genetic information (ex- bacteria, hydra and yeast budding, sponges, starfish, potatoes, trees) Meiosis- cell division process that makes sex cells that have half as many chromosomes Mitosis *Sexual Reproduction: when 2 sex cells come together to make a new genetically different organism with half the genes from mom/dad *Fertilization: joining of female eggs and male sperm sex cells Meiosis Mitosis Inherited traits: characteristics that we get from our genes and families, such as eye and hair color Genes: tiny segments of DNA that give instructions for our inherited traits DNA: long molecule in chromosomes that store genetic material Dominant trait- traits that are more likely to be expressed Recessive trait-a trait less likely to be expressed Punnett Square- chart that helps predict the traits of offspring B B b BB Bb Bb bb b BB/ Bb= brown eyes, bb= blue eyes Adaptation: a trait or behavior that helps an organisms survive or reproduce Sources of Variation - what makes species change or different a) Mutations- random changes in genes or chromosomes b) c) An extra chromosome causes Downs Syndrome Sexual Reproduction- baby looks different than parents Genetic Engineering- put genes from one organism into the DNA of another d) Natural Selection – stronger more likely survive and pass on traits Evolution- when organisms change over time Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: 1. All life is connected if you go back enough 2. Natural Selection/ Survival of Fittest- organisms best suited for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce Clues of Evolution: (a) Fossils- remains, imprints, or traces of prehistoric organisms (b) Similarities of embryos, DNA, and bones of different organisms SCROLL DOWN FOR PRACTICE STATE QUESTIONS!!! Name: ________________________ Date: _________________________ CIS 339, Class _______ Science- Ms. Sowin UNIT 4 TEST REVIEW SHEET AIM 2 1. Which cell organelle contains the genetic information for plant and animal cells? (1) chloroplast (2) nucleus (3) cell membrane (4) cytoplasm Answer: 2. What are the bundles of DNA called? (1) chloroplasts (2) chromosomes (3) cytoplasm (4) cell wall Answer: AIM 3 3. Another word for cloning cells is called (a) mitosis (b) meiosis (c) fertilization (d) sexual reproduction Answer: 4. A cell with 30 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes are in the new body cells after mitosis is completely over? (a) 30 (b) 60 © 120 (d) 15 Answer: # of cell divisions # of cells produced Types of cells produced Functions in body Mitosis in Humans 1 2 All body cells except sperm and egg cells Growth, repair, maintenance Meiosis in Humans 2 4 Sperm and egg cells only reproduction AIM 4- 5. A cell with 50 chromosomes undergoes meiosis to produce an egg cell. How many chromosomes are in the egg cell? (a) 25 (b) 2 © 100 (d) 4 Answer: 6. What kind of cells are produced by meiosis? (a) nerve cells (b) skin cells (c) sperm cells (d) muscle cells Answer: AIM 5 7, How does the genetic material of a new asexual reproduction organism compare to that of the parent organism? (a) It is a little different (b) It is exactly the same © It is completely different (d) It is haploid Answer: 9. Which organism can have exactly the same genes as its parent? (a) a starfish (b)a shark (c) a human (d) a dog Answer: 10. A large colony of bacteria has grown from a single individual that landed on a kitchen cutting board. What do you know about all the individuals in the colony? (a) They came from the refrigerator (b) They reproduced sexually © They have the same genes (d) They have different traits Answer: AIM 6- 11. Which organism reproduces both sexually and asexually? (a) goldfish (b) black bear Answer: (c) strawberry plant (d) rattlesnake 12. Which of the following occurs during sexual reproduction? (a) Both parents split in half (b) Only one parent splits in half © An egg joins with a zygote (d) An egg cell joins with a sperm cell Answer: 13. A baby receives genes from each of its parents. About how many of its genes come from its mother? (a) all of its genes (b) half of its genes (c) most of its genes (d) none of its genes Answer: AIM 7 (REVIEW) AIM 8- Quiz, AIM 9: 14. Which of the following is NOT an inherited trait? (a) blood type (b) a broken leg © hair color (d) leaf shape Answer: 15. Order from biggest to smallest: DNA, gene, cell, chromosomes, nucleus (a) DNA, gene, cell, chromosomes, nucleus (b) gene, DNA, chromosomes, nucleus, cell (c) cell, nucleus, chromosomes, DNA, gene (d) chromosomes, DNA, gene, nucleus, cell AIM 10- 16. Imagine a person with Cystic Fibrosis (cc) reproduced with someone who did not have the gene at all (CC) use a punnett square to show the likely traits of the offspring. c c C C 17) Considering Cystic Fibrosis is a recessive trait, what percentage of the offspring would definitely have Cystic Fibrosis (cc)? (a) 0 (b) 25% (c) 75% (d) 100% Answer: 18) What percentage of the offspring would carry the gene for cystic fibrosis (Cc)? a) 0 (b) 25% (c) 75% (d) 100% Answer: 19. Imagine a mom has brown eyes but carries the gene for blue so she would be Bb reproduces with a dad that has with blue eyes. Use a punnett square to show the likely traits of the offspring. B b b b 20) What percentage of their offspring would have blue eyes (bb)? (a) 25 % Answer: b) 50% c) 75% d) 0% 21) What percentage of their offspring would have brown eyes (BB or Bb)? (a) 25% (b) 50% c) 75% d) 0% Answer: 22. Construct a Punnett square to show the results of crossing two pea plants with the combination Tt. 23. What percentage of the offspring would be tall plants (TT or Tt)? (a) 25% (b) 50% (c) 75% (d) 100% Answer: 24. If the allele for brown eyes, B, is dominant, and the allele for blue eyes, b, is recessive, which combination could produce a child with blue eyes? (a) Bb (b) BB (c) bb (d) bB Answer: AIM 11- 25. Some harmless species imitate or mimic a poisonous species as a means for increased survival. What is this an example of? (a) acquired characteristics (b) adaptation © variation (d) geographic isolation Answer: 26. Which of the following is not an adaptation? (1) weak legs (2) powerful muscles (3) camouflage (4) wings Answer: AIM 12- 27. A species is a group of organisms (a) that lives together with similar characteristics (b) that shares similar characteristics and can reproduce among themselves to produce fertile offspring © across a wide area that cannot reproduce (d) that chooses mates from among themselves Answer: 28. Which is a mutation? (a) a change in a gene which is harmful, beneficial, or has no effect at all (b) a change in a gene which is only beneficial © a change in a gene which is only harmful (d) no change in a gene Answer: 29. Which describes the transfer of genes into the DNA of another organism? a) genetic engineering b) selective breeding c) natural selection d) mutation Answer: Aim 13- 30. Look at the light and dark-colored moths shown below. According to the theory of natural selection, what is most likely to happen to the moths in this environment? a) The dark moth will be more likely to be eaten by a bird. b) The dark moth will be more likely to survive and reproduce. c) The light moth will be more likely to survive and reproduce. d)The light moth will become darker in color. Answer: 31. What, besides competition for food, contributed to the evolution of species of Darwin’s finches? (a) predation (b) natural disaster © DNA (d) variation in beak shapes Answer: